M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Orta ve Yeni Krall\u0131k d\u00f6nemlerinde Nubia ve Suriye-Filistin b\u00f6lgeleri \u00fczerinde ekonomik kontrol sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Ancak, bu b\u00f6lgelerin tam anlam\u0131yla siyasi veya sosyal olarak “s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirildi\u011fi” konusunda farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler bulunmaktad\u0131r. Baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n bu b\u00f6lgelerde kal\u0131c\u0131 bir y\u00f6netim kurdu\u011funu savunurken, baz\u0131lar\u0131 ise M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n sadece ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131 korumak ve sava\u015f ganimetleri elde etmek i\u00e7in d\u00f6nemsel bask\u0131nlar d\u00fczenledi\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu tart\u0131\u015fmalar, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n yay\u0131lmac\u0131 politikalar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndaki olas\u0131 motivasyonlar\u0131 da g\u00fcndeme getirmektedir. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Nubia ve Levant\u2019a y\u00f6nelik ilerleyi\u015fi, ideolojik zorunluluklar, ekonomik ihtiya\u00e7lar veya ba\u015fka sosyo-politik fakt\u00f6rler taraf\u0131ndan m\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirilmi\u015ftir? Baz\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n bu b\u00f6lgeleri stratejik kaynaklar ve ticaret yollar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc belirtirken, baz\u0131lar\u0131 ise firavunlar\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc peki\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in fetihler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fini savunmaktad\u0131r<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Orta Krall\u0131k d\u00f6neminde Nubia ve Suriye-Filistin b\u00f6lgeleri \u00fczerindeki kontrol\u00fc, b\u00f6lgeye ve d\u00f6neme g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. 12. Hanedan firavunlar\u0131, askeri g\u00fc\u00e7 kullanarak Nubia\u2019y\u0131 en az \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015felaleye kadar kontrol alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6lgede in\u015fa edilen kaleler, Nil ticaretini kontrol etmelerini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f ve s\u00fcrekli bir askeri varl\u0131k olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Bu kalelerde garnizonlar ve geni\u015f tah\u0131l ambarlar\u0131 bulunuyordu, bu da hem b\u00f6lgedeki M\u0131s\u0131r egemenli\u011fini peki\u015ftirmek hem de gerekti\u011finde daha g\u00fcneydeki tehditlere kar\u015f\u0131 seferler d\u00fczenlemek i\u00e7in bir \u00fcs g\u00f6revi g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Askut gibi kalelerde tah\u0131l depolamak i\u00e7in ayr\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck alanlar, Uronarti ve Kor\u2019daki yap\u0131larla birlikte, 12. Hanedan\u2019\u0131n Nubia\u2019y\u0131 sadece bir s\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgesi olarak de\u011fil, Afrika\u2019ya a\u00e7\u0131lan bir kap\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermektedir. Bu kaleler, M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n ithal etti\u011fi malzemeleri ve \u00fcr\u00fcnleri depolamak i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, bu \u00fcr\u00fcnler Thebes veya Itjtawy\u2019ye ta\u015f\u0131nmadan \u00f6nce burada saklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Filistin\u2019de ise, Orta Krall\u0131k d\u00f6neminde kal\u0131c\u0131 bir M\u0131s\u0131r varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair \u00e7ok az kan\u0131t bulunmaktad\u0131r. 12. ve 13. Hanedanlar s\u0131ras\u0131nda Levant ve Ege ile temaslar oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir, ancak M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019de ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde siyasi veya ekonomik kontrol sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirsizdir. Memphis\u2019te bulunan Amenemhat II\u2019nin y\u0131ll\u0131k kay\u0131tlar\u0131, h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Levant\u2019a en az iki sefer d\u00fczenlendi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Manchester M\u00fczesi\u2019nde bulunan Khusobek stelinde ise, Senusret III\u2019\u00fcn Filistin\u2019deki Shechem \u015fehrine kar\u015f\u0131 bir sefer d\u00fczenledi\u011fi anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, Levant\u2019a y\u00f6nelik askeri planlara dair bilgiler genellikle elit unvanlar ve s\u0131fatlarda bulunur, ancak bunlar tarihsel olmaktan \u00e7ok abart\u0131l\u0131 ifadeler olabilir. Bat\u0131 Asya\u2019dan elde edilen \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131nda ise, bu mallar\u0131n zorla m\u0131 yoksa ticaret yoluyla m\u0131 elde edildi\u011fi belirtilmemektedir. Ancak, arkeolojik bulgular, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Levant b\u00f6lgesinde belirli d\u00f6nemlerde etkili oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Orta Krall\u0131k d\u00f6neminde Filistin ve Byblos\u2019ta g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve s\u00fcrekli bir ekonomik varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Bu ekonomik varl\u0131k, d\u00f6nemsel olarak askeri bask\u0131larla desteklenmi\u015f olabilir. Orta Krall\u0131k d\u00f6neminde M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da ya\u015fayan Asyal\u0131lar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n giderek artmas\u0131, baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n sava\u015f esiri olarak \u00fclkeye getirildi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yeni Krall\u0131k d\u00f6neminde, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Levant b\u00f6lgesindeki faaliyetleri hem arkeolojik hem de yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklarla belgelenmi\u015ftir. Zafer stelleri ve tap\u0131nak kabartmalar\u0131, firavunun tanr\u0131lar ad\u0131na elde etti\u011fi ganimetleri anlat\u0131rken, Ta\u2019anach, Kamid el-Loz ve Hattu\u015fa\u015f gibi b\u00f6lgelerde bulunan \u00e7ivi yaz\u0131l\u0131 tabletler, Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu\u2019daki devletler aras\u0131ndaki diplomatik, idari ve ekonomik ili\u015fkileri belgelemektedir. M\u0131s\u0131r a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en \u00f6nemli ar\u015fivlerden biri, Orta M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki Amarna\u2019da bulunan 382 tablettir. Bu tabletler, M\u00d6 14. y\u00fczy\u0131lda (18. Hanedan\u2019\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda) yabanc\u0131 liderler ile M\u0131s\u0131r kral\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7ermektedir. Amarna Mektuplar\u0131, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Mitanni ve Babil gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7lerle diplomatik ili\u015fkilerini ve Suriye-Filistin\u2019deki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u015fehir devletlerinin karma\u015f\u0131k siyasi manevralar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yeni Krall\u0131k d\u00f6neminde M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Suriye-Filistin\u2019deki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ilgili temel tart\u0131\u015fma, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n fethetti\u011fi \u015fehirlerde kal\u0131c\u0131 bir askeri veya sivil varl\u0131k s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcp s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmedi\u011fi \u00fczerinedir. Baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, arkeolojik ve yaz\u0131l\u0131 kan\u0131tlar\u0131n M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Filistin\u2019de baz\u0131 \u015fehirleri fiilen s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirdi\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini savunmaktad\u0131r. Bu teoriye g\u00f6re, M\u0131s\u0131r, \u0130kinci Ara D\u00f6nem\u2019in sonunda yenilmi\u015f Hyksoslar\u0131 takip ederek bu b\u00f6lgenin kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc devralm\u0131\u015f olabilir. Amarna Mektuplar\u0131 ve Levant\u2019taki M\u0131s\u0131r eserlerinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayanarak, Suriye-Filistin\u2019in kuzeyden g\u00fcneye \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6lgeye ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir: Amurru, Upe ve Kenan. Her b\u00f6lge, yerel yerle\u015fimler aras\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck M\u0131s\u0131r garnizonlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bir M\u0131s\u0131r valisi taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netiliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ancak, baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n do\u011fu Deltas\u0131\u2019ndaki yerle\u015fimlerinin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n, Sina\u2019n\u0131n hemen \u00f6tesindeki Filistin \u015fehirlerinden belirgin \u015fekilde farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmektedir. Bu durum, M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n yerel halklarla i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ya\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, Yeni Krall\u0131k d\u00f6neminde Nubia\u2019n\u0131n M\u0131s\u0131r taraf\u0131ndan s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirilmesine dair geni\u015f mimari ve arkeolojik kan\u0131tlarla \u00e7eli\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yeni Krall\u0131k d\u00f6neminde M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Nubia\u2019daki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ekonomik nedenlere dayan\u0131yordu, ancak arkeolojik ve yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar, M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n Nubia\u2019ya bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n olduk\u00e7a karma\u015f\u0131k oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Orta ve Yeni Krall\u0131k boyunca, resmi sanat ve edebiyatta Nubial\u0131lar genellikle kaosun temsilcileri olarak tasvir edilmi\u015ftir, ancak bu durum, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki \u015fehirlerde Nubial\u0131lar ve Asyal\u0131lar gibi yabanc\u0131 topluluklar\u0131n yerel halkla uyum i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fiyle \u00e7eli\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yeni Krall\u0131k d\u00f6neminde, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Nubia ve Levant\u2019ta bilin\u00e7li bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel asimilasyon politikas\u0131 izledi\u011fine dair kan\u0131tlar bulunmaktad\u0131r. Yerel elitler, M\u0131s\u0131r geleneklerini ve isimlendirme sistemini benimsemeye te\u015fvik edilmi\u015ftir. Baz\u0131 durumlarda, yerel y\u00f6neticilerin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 zorla M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclerek e\u011fitilmi\u015f ve M\u0131s\u0131r k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcyle tamamen i\u00e7selle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olarak \u00fclkelerine geri d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n “emperyalizmi” \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir yap\u0131ya sahiptir. Firavunlar\u0131n ekonomik ve siyasi pragmatizmi, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman kraliyet s\u00f6ylemi ve dindarl\u0131k s\u00f6ylemleriyle \u00f6rt\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130deoloji ve ekonomi aras\u0131ndaki tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek zordur, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyadaki davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde dini ve cenaze metinlerine g\u00fcveniyoruz. Ancak, ger\u00e7ek hikaye muhtemelen daha s\u0131radan ar\u015fiv belgelerinde sakl\u0131d\u0131r, ancak bu t\u00fcr belgeler nadiren g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Orta ve Yeni Krall\u0131k d\u00f6nemlerinde Nubia ve Suriye-Filistin b\u00f6lgeleri \u00fczerinde ekonomik kontrol sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Ancak, bu b\u00f6lgelerin tam anlam\u0131yla siyasi veya sosyal olarak “s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirildi\u011fi” konusunda farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler bulunmaktad\u0131r. Baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n bu b\u00f6lgelerde kal\u0131c\u0131 bir y\u00f6netim kurdu\u011funu savunurken, baz\u0131lar\u0131 ise M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n sadece ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131 korumak ve sava\u015f ganimetleri elde etmek i\u00e7in d\u00f6nemsel bask\u0131nlar d\u00fczenledi\u011fini … <\/p>\n