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Khufu\u2019nun piramit kompleksi, o d\u00f6neme kadar standartla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan unsurlar\u0131 i\u00e7eriyordu: bir vadiler tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 (g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f ve modern bir k\u00f6y\u00fcn alt\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda tahrip olmu\u015ftur), kapal\u0131 bir ge\u00e7it (causeway) ve piramidin do\u011fu taraf\u0131nda yer alan bir cenaze tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131. Cenaze tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 tahrip olmu\u015ftur ancak ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta siyah bazaltla kapl\u0131 bir avluya ve k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 granitten s\u00fctunlara sahipti. Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n g\u00fcneydo\u011fusunda krali\u00e7elere ait \u00fc\u00e7 yan piramit bulunmakta olup, bir di\u011fer k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck piramit ise kral\u0131n Ka\u2019s\u0131 (ya\u015fam g\u00fcc\u00fc) i\u00e7in yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilir.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck piramit, Zahi Hawass<\/em> taraf\u0131ndan ana piramidin \u00e7evre duvar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcneydo\u011fu k\u00f6\u015fesinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir.[5]<\/a> D\u00f6rt tekne \u00e7ukuru, \u00e7evre duvar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fu ve g\u00fcney k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda yer al\u0131rken, be\u015finci bir \u00e7ukur ge\u00e7it yolunun kuzeyinde yer al\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, \u00fc\u00e7 krali\u00e7e piramidi aras\u0131nda da iki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tekne \u00e7ukuru bulunmaktad\u0131r.[6]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Khufu\u2019nun piramidi, antik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en etkileyici yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan biridir. Zahi Hawass\u2019a g\u00f6re, bu b\u00fcy\u00fck piramit yakla\u015f\u0131k 1.300.000 ta\u015f blok i\u00e7ermekteydi. Bu bloklar\u0131n her biri tahmini 2,5 ton a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndayd\u0131, fakat baz\u0131 temel ta\u015flar\u0131 \u00e7ok daha a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. \u0130n\u015faat s\u0131ras\u0131nda ta\u015flar yatay katmanlar h\u00e2linde d\u00f6\u015fenmi\u015f, d\u00fczensiz \u00e7ekirdek ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n aras\u0131na al\u00e7\u0131 har\u00e7 ve dolgu ta\u015flar\u0131 konulmu\u015ftur. Piramit tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, d\u0131\u015f y\u00fczeyi ince Tura kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131yla kaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu kaplama ta\u015flar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015famam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u0131\u015f e\u011fim a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131da yakla\u015f\u0131k 52 derecedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Piramitin taban\u0131 5,3 hektarl\u0131k bir alan\u0131 kaplamaktad\u0131r. Giza Platosu Haritalama Projesi\u2019nin (Mark Lehner taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen) ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, yap\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir hassasiyetle \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Her bir kenar, yakla\u015f\u0131k 230,3 metre uzunlu\u011fundad\u0131r ve sapmalar sadece 4,4 santimetre d\u00fczeyindedir. D\u00f6rt kenar\u0131n kardinal y\u00f6nlere olan hizalanmas\u0131ndaki sapma yaln\u0131zca 3 dakika 6 saniyelik bir yay a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Taban\u0131n farkl\u0131 k\u00f6\u015feleri aras\u0131ndaki seviye fark\u0131 ise yaln\u0131zca 2,1 santimetredir. Piramidin orijinal y\u00fcksekli\u011fi ise 146,7 metredir.[7]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Khufu piramidinin i\u00e7 yap\u0131s\u0131, di\u011fer M\u0131s\u0131r piramitlerinden \u00e7ok daha karma\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r. Kuzey y\u00fczeyinden ba\u015flayan al\u00e7alan bir ge\u00e7it, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta kayan\u0131n i\u00e7ine oyulmu\u015f olan ancak tamamlanmam\u0131\u015f yer alt\u0131 mezar\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131r.[8]<\/a> Buradan yukar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan bir ge\u00e7it, yatay bir ge\u00e7itle krali\u00e7eye ait oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen odaya (Queen\u2019s Chamber) ve \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Galeri\u201dye (Grand Gallery) ula\u015f\u0131r. Krali\u00e7eler Odas\u0131, yer alt\u0131 mezar\u0131 terk edildikten sonra kral\u0131n g\u00f6m\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in planlanm\u0131\u015f olabilir. 8,74 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011findeki hareketli tavan\u0131yla B\u00fcy\u00fck Galeri, neredeyse 50 metre yukar\u0131 do\u011fru uzan\u0131r. Galerinin sonunda, kral\u0131n mezar odas\u0131na ge\u00e7i\u015f sa\u011flayan k\u0131sa bir ge\u00e7it yer al\u0131r. Bu ge\u00e7it \u00fc\u00e7 adet portkulis ta\u015fla kapat\u0131lacak \u015fekilde tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, B\u00fcy\u00fck Galeri\u2019nin alt k\u0131sm\u0131ndan yer alt\u0131 ge\u00e7idine neredeyse dik bir ge\u00e7it daha uzan\u0131r; bu ge\u00e7idin i\u015f\u00e7ilerin defin i\u015fleminden sonra piramitten \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Khufu\u2019nun mezar odas\u0131, Aswan\u2019dan getirilen devasa k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 granit bloklarla kaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Odan\u0131n i\u00e7inde kral\u0131n granit bir lahiti d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir \u015fey kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mezar odas\u0131n\u0131n tavan\u0131, her biri 25\u201340 ton a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda dokuz granit kiri\u015fle kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kiri\u015fler 5,2 metrelik geni\u015fli\u011finde odan\u0131n tavan\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Mezar odas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya \u00e7\u00f6kmesini engellemek i\u00e7in be\u015f adet y\u00fck azalt\u0131c\u0131 oda (relieving chamber) yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu odalar ilk kez 1837\u2019de Richard William Howard Vyse taraf\u0131ndan ke\u015ffedilmi\u015f, Vyse bu odalara ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in dinamit kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[10]<\/a> Ayn\u0131 y\u00f6ntemle Khafra\u2019n\u0131n piramidine ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Sfenks\u2019in arkas\u0131na da zarar vermi\u015ftir. \u00dcst odalarda halen Khufu\u2019nun kartu\u015funu i\u00e7eren i\u015f\u00e7i gruplar\u0131na ait hiyeroglif yaz\u0131lar g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Mezar ve Krali\u00e7eler Odas\u0131\u2019ndan d\u0131\u015fa do\u011fru uzanan dar \u201chava kanallar\u0131\u201d (air shafts) vard\u0131r. Bunlar, kral\u0131n ruhunun g\u00f6\u011fe yolculu\u011funu simgeliyor olabilir. Alman arkeologlar, Krali\u00e7eler Odas\u0131\u2019ndan \u00e7\u0131kan bir \u015faftta 20 x 20 cm \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerinde bir robot g\u00f6ndermi\u015flerdir.[11]<\/a> Robot, yakla\u015f\u0131k 65 metre ilerledikten sonra \u00fczerinde iki bak\u0131r \u00e7ivi bulunan bir kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 t\u0131payla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu t\u0131pan\u0131n delinmesiyle birlikte ikinci bir t\u0131payla daha kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve ilerlenememi\u015ftir. Bu \u015faftlar havaland\u0131rma i\u00e7in de\u011fil, sembolik ama\u00e7larla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilir.[12]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Piramidin g\u00fcneyinde yer alan iki tekne \u00e7ukuru dikd\u00f6rtgen \u015fekildedir ve \u00fczerleri devasa kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 bloklarla \u00f6rt\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu \u00e7ukurlar\u0131n ikisinde ger\u00e7ek tekneler bulunmu\u015ftur. 1954 y\u0131l\u0131nda ke\u015ffedilen ilk tekne, 1.223 par\u00e7a h\u00e2linde s\u00f6k\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve zemine yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu tekne y\u0131llar s\u00fcren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla restore edilmi\u015f ve bug\u00fcn piramidin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki \u00f6zel m\u00fczede sergilenmektedir. 43,3 metre uzunlu\u011fundaki bu tekne, papir\u00fcs kam\u0131\u015f\u0131yla yap\u0131lan geleneksel bir M\u0131s\u0131r teknesinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir modeli gibidir. [13]<\/a> G\u00f6vdesi devasa sedir tahtalar\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve \u00e7ivisiz olarak, ah\u015faba oyulmu\u015f yivlerden ge\u00e7irilen iplerle birle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. K\u00fcrekler de ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde tekneye ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Teknenin \u00fcst\u00fcnde kapal\u0131 bir kabin ve tenteli bir b\u00f6lme bulunmaktad\u0131r.[14]<\/a> 1987 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Farouk El-Baz liderli\u011findeki bir ekip, ikinci tekne \u00e7ukurunu \u00f6zel bir delik a\u00e7arak incelemi\u015f ve bu tekneden foto\u011fraflar \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Ancak bu tekne ilk bulunan kadar iyi korunmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve yerinde b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[15]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Khufu\u2019ya ait bu tekne g\u00f6m\u00fcleri, Abydos\u2019ta bulunan \u0130kinci Hanedanl\u0131k d\u00f6nemine ait daha eski tekne g\u00f6m\u00fcleriyle benzerlik ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu tekneler, g\u00fcne\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131 Ra\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcler sonras\u0131 yolculu\u011funu simgeledi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Fakat Mark Lehner<\/em>\u2019a g\u00f6re, Khufu\u2019ya ait tekneler ger\u00e7ek bir cenaze yolculu\u011funda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve ard\u0131ndan rit\u00fcel olarak g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [1]<\/a> Mark Lehner, The Complete Pyramids: Solving the Ancient Mysteries<\/em>, New York, 1997, s.17.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [2]<\/a> Mark Lehner, The Complete Pyramids: Solving the Ancient Mysteries<\/em>, New York, 1997, s. 125-130.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [3]<\/a> Richard William Howard Vyse, Operations Carried On at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837,<\/em> London, 1840, s.38\u201342.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [4]<\/a> Ahmed Fakhry, The Pyramids of Egypt<\/em>, 1971, s. 115-118.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [5]<\/a> Kathryn Bard, An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt,<\/em> Wiley-Blackwell, New Jersey, 2007, s.60.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [6]<\/a> Mark Lehner, The Complete Pyramids: Solving the Ancient Mysteries<\/em>, Thames and Hudson, New York 1997, s. 110\u2013112.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [7]<\/a> Kathryn Bard, An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt<\/em>, Wiley-Blackwell, New Jersey, 2007, s.137-140.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [8]<\/a> Richard William Howard Vyse, Operations Carried On at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837,<\/em> London,1840, s.40\u201342.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [9]<\/a> Kathryn Bard, An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, Wiley-Blackwell, New Jersey, 2007, s.137-140.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [10]<\/a> Mark Lehner, The Complete<\/em> Pyramids<\/em>, Thames and Hudson, London,1997, s. 50-53.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [11]<\/a> Rainer Stadelmann, Die \u00e4gyptischen Pyramiden: Vom Ziegelbau zum Weltwunder<\/em>, 1997, s. 120-125.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [12]<\/a> Selim Hassan, Excavations at Giza<\/em>, Cairo University Press, Cairo, 1944, s. 102-108.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [13]<\/a> Zahi Hawass, Khufu\u2019s Boat: A History of Discovery and Reconstruction<\/em>, Supreme Council of Antiquities Press, Cairo, 2005, s.5-42.<\/p>\n\n\n\n [14]<\/a> Dilwyn Jones, Boats of Egypt Before the Old Kingdom, <\/em>British Archaeological Reports (BAR) International Series, Oxford, 1992, s. 60-72.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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