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Eski M\u0131s\u0131r mimarisinde bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 kabul edilen Basamakl\u0131 Piramit, 3. Hanedan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Djoser (Netjerikhet) d\u00f6neminde in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Sakkara platosuna hakim olan bu yap\u0131, M\u0131s\u0131r tarihinde an\u0131tsal mezar yap\u0131m\u0131n kerpi\u00e7ten yontma ta\u015fa ge\u00e7i\u015fin ilk \u00f6rne\u011fi olmas\u0131yla “ta\u015f mimarisinin do\u011fu\u015fu” olarak nitelendirilir. Yap\u0131n\u0131n mimar\u0131, d\u00f6nemin veziri, ba\u015f mimar\u0131 ve Heliopolis G\u00fcne\u015f Tanr\u0131s\u0131 Ra\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015frahibi olan \u0130mhotep\u2019tir. \u0130mhotep\u2019in bu tasar\u0131m\u0131, M\u0131s\u0131r devletinin artan merkezi otoritesinin somut bir g\u00f6stergesidir. Djoser\u2019in saltanat\u0131 ile birlikte kraliyet nekropol\u00fcn\u00fcn Abydos’tan (G\u00fcney) Memphis yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Sakkara’ya (Kuzey) ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131, siyasi a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezinin tamamen kuzeye kayd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Tarih\u00e7i Manetho, y\u00fczy\u0131llar sonra \u0130mhotep\u2019ten “ta\u015f\u0131 yontma sanat\u0131n\u0131n mucidi” olarak bahsedecek ve Yunanl\u0131lar onu t\u0131p tanr\u0131s\u0131 Asklepios ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Jean-Philippe Lauer\u2019in Sakkara\u2019da y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kapsaml\u0131 kaz\u0131 ve analizler, piramidin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc formuna tek bir seferde ula\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, “deneysel” bir s\u00fcre\u00e7le alt\u0131 farkl\u0131 a\u015famada (M1-M3 ve P1-P2 evreleri) evrimle\u015fti\u011fini ortaya koymu\u015ftur. \u0130n\u015faat, ilk etapta 63 metre kenar uzunlu\u011funda ve 8.4 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011finde kare planl\u0131 klasik bir mastaba (M1) olarak ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, ard\u0131ndan d\u00f6rt y\u00f6ne geni\u015fletilerek (M2) ve do\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcne mezar \u015faftlar\u0131n\u0131 kapatmak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan eklemelerle (M3) dikd\u00f6rtgen bir forma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ancak \u0130mhotep, M\u0131s\u0131r tarihinde daha \u00f6nce g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir kararla, mastaban\u0131n \u00fczerine k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclen katmanlar ekleyerek yap\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6nce 4 basamakl\u0131 (P1), ard\u0131ndan kuzey ve bat\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcne yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 geni\u015fletmelerle 6 basamakl\u0131 (P2) bir piramide d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Nihai a\u015famada yap\u0131, 109m x 121m taban \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerine ve 62.5 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011fe ula\u015farak g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcne uzanan bir merdiven formunu alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Toplam hacmi 330.400 m\u00b3\u2019\u00fc bulan bu k\u00fctle, yerel kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 bloklar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7e do\u011fru e\u011fimli (akresyon) katmanlar halinde dizilmesiyle statik a\u00e7\u0131dan depreme dayan\u0131kl\u0131 hale getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Djoser kompleksi, piramidin \u00f6tesinde, kral\u0131n ahiretteki ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrece\u011fi 15 hektarl\u0131k ebedi bir saray olarak tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kompleks, 10.5 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011finde ve 1.6 kilometre uzunlu\u011funda, Saray Cephesi motifli panellerle s\u00fcsl\u00fc devasa bir kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 duvarla \u00e7evrilidir. Duvar \u00fczerinde, kral\u0131n ruhunun giri\u015f \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yapabilmesi i\u00e7in 14 adet sahte kap\u0131 bulunurken, ya\u015fayanlar i\u00e7in sadece g\u00fcneydo\u011fu k\u00f6\u015fesinde tek bir ger\u00e7ek giri\u015f kap\u0131s\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kompleksin i\u00e7indeki Heb-Sed Avlusu, kral\u0131n 30. y\u0131l j\u00fcbilesini (g\u00fc\u00e7 yenileme t\u00f6renini) sonsuza dek tekrarlamas\u0131 i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015f sahte \u015fapellerle (i\u00e7leri moloz dolu, sadece d\u0131\u015f cepheleri i\u015flevsel binalar) \u00e7evrilidir. Piramidin kuzeyinde yer alan “Serdab” odas\u0131nda ise Djoser\u2019in birebir boyutlarda boyal\u0131 heykeli bulunur. Odan\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki iki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck delik sayesinde kral\u0131n heykelinin, o d\u00f6nemdeki inanca g\u00f6re \u00f6l\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc simgeleyen ve hi\u00e7 batmayan kuzey y\u0131ld\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 izledi\u011fine inan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Piramidin ve kompleksin alt\u0131nda, toplam uzunlu\u011fu 5.7 kilometreyi bulan, karma\u015f\u0131k bir t\u00fcnel, \u015faft ve galeri a\u011f\u0131 oyulmu\u015ftur. Bu yeralt\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n kalbinde, 28 metre derinlikteki bir \u015faft\u0131n dibinde pembe granitten in\u015fa edilmi\u015f ve 3.5 tonluk bir t\u0131pa ile kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f mezar odas\u0131 yer al\u0131r. Mezar odas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evresindeki galerilerin duvarlar\u0131, Djoser\u2019in yeralt\u0131 saray\u0131n\u0131 simgeleyen ve sazl\u0131k has\u0131r g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc verilmi\u015f 36.000\u2019den fazla mavi-ye\u015fil fayansla kapl\u0131d\u0131r; bu i\u015f\u00e7ilik kraliyet saray\u0131n\u0131n ahiretteki yans\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r. Arkeolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan en \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 buluntulardan biri, do\u011fu galerilerinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan yakla\u015f\u0131k 40.000 adet ta\u015f kapt\u0131r (kaymakta\u015f\u0131, bre\u015f, \u015fist vb.). Bu kaplar\u0131n \u00fczerinde Djoser\u2019in de\u011fil, 1. ve 2. Hanedan krallar\u0131n\u0131n (Den, Semerkhet, Nynetjer) isimlerinin yaz\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131, Djoser\u2019in atalar\u0131n\u0131n miras\u0131n\u0131 koruyarak kendi h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7abas\u0131 veya “dini bir ar\u015fivleme” faaliyeti olarak yorumlanmaktad\u0131r. Kompleksin g\u00fcney ucunda yer alan ve piramidin alt yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bir kopyas\u0131 olan “G\u00fcney Mezar\u0131” ise, muhtemelen kral\u0131n “Ka” ruhunun ikametgah\u0131 veya kanopik organlar\u0131n\u0131n muhafazas\u0131 i\u00e7in yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f sembolik bir yap\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n