{"id":1951,"date":"2020-06-01T13:15:00","date_gmt":"2020-06-01T10:15:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/?p=1951"},"modified":"2020-06-01T13:15:00","modified_gmt":"2020-06-01T10:15:00","slug":"iii-ramses","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/iii-ramses\/","title":{"rendered":"III. Ramses"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 kral ve dindar h\u00fck\u00fcmdar III. Ramses’in lahit kapa\u011f\u0131. G\u00f6rsel: Sarah Griffiths (SG)
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II. Ramses\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da 20. Hanedan\u2019\u0131n nas\u0131l iktidara geldi\u011fi tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Bu d\u00f6neme ait siyasi olaylara dair bilgiler, ilk h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Sethnakht (M\u00d6 1186-1184) taraf\u0131ndan Elephantine Adas\u0131\u2019nda dikilen bir stel ve Ramses IV\u2019\u00fcn h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda (M\u00d6 1153-1147) yaz\u0131lan B\u00fcy\u00fck Harris Papir\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nden gelmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sethnakht\u2019in stelinde, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan ka\u00e7an isyanc\u0131lar\u0131 nas\u0131l kovdu\u011fu anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu isyanc\u0131lar, ka\u00e7arken M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan \u00e7ald\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131n, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve bak\u0131r\u0131 geride b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bu de\u011ferli metallerle Asyal\u0131lar aras\u0131nda takviye kuvvetler kiralamay\u0131 planl\u0131yorlard\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck Harris Papir\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde ise, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerin neden oldu\u011fu bir kaos ve hukuksuzluk d\u00f6nemi ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l boyunca \u00fclkeyi y\u00f6neten kimse olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te, “Irsu” adl\u0131 bir Suriyeli iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi. Irsu\u2019nun ad\u0131, “kendini var eden” anlam\u0131na gelen uydurma bir isimdi, yani “parven\u00fc” veya “zorla iktidara gelen” anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Irsu ve m\u00fcttefikleri \u00fclkeyi ya\u011fmalad\u0131, tanr\u0131lara s\u0131radan insanlar gibi davrand\u0131lar ve tap\u0131naklarda kurban sunmay\u0131 b\u0131rakt\u0131lar. Bu anlat\u0131m, Amarna D\u00f6nemi\u2019nin Restorasyon y\u0131llar\u0131nda verilen tan\u0131mlara benzemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tanr\u0131lar, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 kurtarmak i\u00e7in Sethnakht\u2019i yeni h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olarak se\u00e7ti, t\u0131pk\u0131 18. Hanedan\u2019\u0131n sonunda Horemheb\u2019i se\u00e7tikleri gibi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ramses III ve 20. Hanedan\u2019\u0131n iktidara geli\u015fi hakk\u0131nda kesin bilgiler bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6neme ait siyasi olaylara dair bilgiler, ilk h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Sethnakht (M\u00d6 1186-1184) taraf\u0131ndan Elephantine Adas\u0131\u2019nda dikilen bir stel ve Ramses IV\u2019\u00fcn h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda (M\u00d6 1153-1147) yaz\u0131lan B\u00fcy\u00fck Harris Papir\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nden gelmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sethnakht\u2019in stelinde, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan ka\u00e7an isyanc\u0131lar\u0131 nas\u0131l kovdu\u011fu anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu isyanc\u0131lar, ka\u00e7arken M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan \u00e7ald\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131n, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve bak\u0131r\u0131 geride b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bu de\u011ferli metallerle Asyal\u0131lar aras\u0131nda takviye kuvvetler kiralamay\u0131 planl\u0131yorlard\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck Harris Papir\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde ise, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerin neden oldu\u011fu bir kaos ve hukuksuzluk d\u00f6nemi ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l boyunca \u00fclkeyi y\u00f6neten kimse olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te, “Irsu” adl\u0131 bir Suriyeli iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi. Irsu\u2019nun ad\u0131, “kendini var eden” anlam\u0131na gelen uydurma bir isimdi, yani “parven\u00fc” veya “zorla iktidara gelen” anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Irsu ve m\u00fcttefikleri \u00fclkeyi ya\u011fmalad\u0131, tanr\u0131lara s\u0131radan insanlar gibi davrand\u0131lar ve tap\u0131naklarda kurban sunmay\u0131 b\u0131rakt\u0131lar. Bu anlat\u0131m, Amarna D\u00f6nemi\u2019nin Restorasyon y\u0131llar\u0131nda verilen tan\u0131mlara benzemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tanr\u0131lar, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 kurtarmak i\u00e7in Sethnakht\u2019i yeni h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olarak se\u00e7ti, t\u0131pk\u0131 18. Hanedan\u2019\u0131n sonunda Horemheb\u2019i se\u00e7tikleri gibi. Sethnakht, d\u00fczeni yeniden sa\u011flad\u0131 ve isyanc\u0131lar\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan kovdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tausret\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, Bay\u2019\u0131n iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir, ancak Sethnakht taraf\u0131ndan tahttan indirildi\u011fi tahmin edilmektedir. Elephantine stelinin tarihi, Sethnakht\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 1. y\u0131l\u0131 de\u011fil, 2. y\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r, bu da zaferinin ve tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek tarihini yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini do\u011furmu\u015ftur. Sethnakht, d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131 yenmek i\u00e7in ge\u00e7en s\u00fcreyi h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilk y\u0131l\u0131 olarak saym\u0131\u015f olabilir. Ancak, Sethnakht uzun s\u00fcre tahtta kalamad\u0131 ve k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra \u00f6ld\u00fc. Yerine o\u011flu Ramses III (M\u00d6 1184-1153) ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ramses III, babas\u0131ndan bar\u0131\u015f ve istikrar devrald\u0131, ancak h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 5. y\u0131l\u0131nda Libyal\u0131 kabilelerin bat\u0131 Deltaya ilerlemesini durdurmak zorunda kald\u0131. Bu kabileler, i\u00e7 m\u00fccadele d\u00f6nemini f\u0131rsat bilerek Nil\u2019in merkezi koluna kadar ilerlemi\u015fti. M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar, bu bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak kabul etmi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu, ancak Libyal\u0131lar kendi “krallar\u0131n\u0131n” halefiyetine m\u00fcdahale eden Ramses III\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 ayakland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Ramses h\u0131zla kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verdi ve onlar\u0131 tekrar M\u0131s\u0131r kontrol\u00fcne ald\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 11. y\u0131l\u0131nda bir ba\u015fka Libyal\u0131 sefer d\u00fczenlendi, ancak en b\u00fcy\u00fck meydan okuma, 8. y\u0131lda Deniz Kavimleri ile yap\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deniz Kavimleri, Merenptah d\u00f6neminden itibaren M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a bat\u0131dan girmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ancak hareketleri t\u00fcm Orta Do\u011fu\u2019yu alt\u00fcst etti. Hitit ba\u015fkenti Hattu\u015fa\u015f\u2019\u0131 yok ettiler ve t\u00fcm Hitit \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131lar. Tarsus\u2019u fethettiler ve bir\u00e7o\u011fu Kilikya ve Kuzey Suriye ovalar\u0131na yerle\u015fti, Alalakh ve Ugarit\u2019i yerle bir ettiler. K\u0131br\u0131s da sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frad\u0131 ve ba\u015fkenti Enkomi ya\u011fmaland\u0131. Ancak, nihai hedefleri M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019d\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 8. y\u0131l\u0131nda, Ramses III\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 hem kara hem de deniz sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar yakla\u015fan tehlikenin fark\u0131ndayd\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir savunma g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc Djahy\u2019ye (G\u00fcney Filistin, muhtemelen Gazze\u2019deki M\u0131s\u0131r garnizonlar\u0131) yerle\u015ftirdiler. Ayr\u0131ca, Delta\u2019daki Nil kollar\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 tahkim ettiler. Sald\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Ramses\u2019in birlikleri iyi haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve istilac\u0131lar\u0131 geri p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131. Deniz Kavimleri, Do\u011fu Akdeniz d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirdi, ancak M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 asla fethedemediler. Suriye-Filistin\u2019deki varl\u0131klar\u0131 ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n b\u00f6lgedeki etkisini do\u011frudan etkilememi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III. Ramses, h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 boyunca Medinet Habu\u2019daki b\u00fcy\u00fck cenaze tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131 in\u015fa ettirdi. Tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra ba\u015flanan bu yap\u0131, 12. y\u0131lda tamamland\u0131 ve Yeni Krall\u0131k\u2019\u0131n en iyi korunmu\u015f tap\u0131naklar\u0131ndan biri olarak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ula\u015ft\u0131. Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n d\u0131\u015f duvarlar\u0131nda, Deniz Kavimleri ile yap\u0131lan sava\u015f\u0131n sahneleri yer almaktad\u0131r. Bu yap\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck selefi II. Ramses\u2019in Ramesseum\u2019una benzer \u015fekilde tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. III. Ramses, II. Ramses\u2019i bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6nden taklit etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131; kraliyet isimleri neredeyse ayn\u0131yd\u0131 ve o\u011fullar\u0131na II. Ramses\u2019in \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n isimlerini verdi. Medinet Habu\u2019nun in\u015fas\u0131 ve Piramesse\u2019nin geni\u015fletilmesi gibi projeler, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik tehditlere ra\u011fmen kesintiye u\u011framad\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, Hatshepsut d\u00f6neminden bu yana ilk kez Punt\u2019a b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ke\u015fif gezisi d\u00fczenlendi ve Atika\u2019ya (muhtemelen Timna\u2019daki bak\u0131r madenlerine) bir ba\u015fka sefer yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da her \u015fey yolunda gitmiyordu. III. Ramses\u2019in tahta \u00e7\u0131kmadan \u00f6nceki karga\u015fa d\u00f6nemi, yolsuzluk ve \u00e7e\u015fitli suistimallere yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu nedenle, \u00fclke genelindeki tap\u0131naklar\u0131 denetlemek ve yeniden d\u00fczenlemek zorunda kald\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck Harris Papir\u00fcs\u00fc, Thebes, Memphis ve Heliopolis\u2019teki en \u00f6nemli tap\u0131naklara yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck arazi ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 listeler. Daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dini kurumlara da ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sonunda, ekilebilir arazilerin \u00fc\u00e7te biri tap\u0131naklara aitti ve bunun d\u00f6rtte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc Thebes\u2019teki Amun\u2019a tahsis edilmi\u015fti. Bu durum, tap\u0131nak ile devlet aras\u0131ndaki dengeyi bozdu ve Amun rahiplerinin giderek daha fazla g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanmas\u0131na neden oldu. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, devlet maliyesi \u00fczerindeki kontrol kayboldu ve ekonomik kriz ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Tah\u0131l fiyatlar\u0131 h\u0131zla y\u00fckseldi ve Deir el-Medina\u2019daki i\u015f\u00e7ilere \u00f6denmesi gereken ayl\u0131k maa\u015flar gecikti. Bu durum, h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 29. y\u0131l\u0131nda tarihteki ilk organize grevin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Thebes b\u00f6lgesinde Libyal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7ebe gruplar\u0131n tekrar eden bask\u0131nlar\u0131, genel bir g\u00fcvensizlik ortam\u0131 yaratt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Merkezi devletin giderek zay\u0131flamas\u0131, III. Ramses\u2019e y\u00f6nelik suikast giri\u015fiminin nedenlerinden biri olabilir. E\u011fer do\u011frudan bir neden de\u011filse bile, genel huzursuzluk ve g\u00fcvensizlik, komplocular\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmalar\u0131 halinde halk\u0131n deste\u011fini alabileceklerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmelerine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olabilir. Suikast plan\u0131, muhtemelen Piramesse\u2019deki kral\u0131n hareminde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu komploda yer alan ki\u015filerden biri, harem katibi Pairy idi. Pairy, Piramesse\u2019de bir eve sahipti ve suikast plan\u0131na kar\u0131\u015fan bir\u00e7ok harem yetkilisinden sadece biriydi. Komplonun liderleri aras\u0131nda III. Ramses\u2019in e\u015flerinden biri olan Tiy de bulunuyordu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III. Ramses\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru, haremde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir suikast plan\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu komploda, kral\u0131n e\u015fi Tiy, baz\u0131 harem kad\u0131nlar\u0131, birka\u00e7 kraliyet k\u00e2hyas\u0131 ve bir y\u00f6netici yer ald\u0131. Bu ki\u015filer, halk\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtarak kral\u0131n otoritesine kar\u015f\u0131 bir isyan \u00e7\u0131karmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Ama\u00e7lar\u0131, kral\u0131n me\u015fru varisi yerine Tiy\u2019nin o\u011flu Pentaweret\u2019i tahta \u00e7\u0131karmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suikast plan\u0131, y\u0131ll\u0131k Opet Festivali s\u0131ras\u0131nda kral\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeyi i\u00e7eriyordu. Ayr\u0131ca, b\u00fcy\u00fcl\u00fc s\u00f6zler ve balmumu fig\u00fcrleri de harem i\u00e7ine gizlice sokulmu\u015ftu. Ancak, plan ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc III. Ramses\u2019in mumyas\u0131nda \u015fiddetli bir \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn izleri bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Sonunda, kral\u0131n yerine Pentaweret de\u011fil, me\u015fru varisi IV. Ramses ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu olay\u0131n tam olarak ne zaman ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi bilinmemektedir, ancak mahkeme kay\u0131tlar\u0131 ve su\u00e7lulara verilen cezalar, IV. Ramses\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda yaz\u0131ya ge\u00e7irilmi\u015ftir. Suikast giri\u015fimine kar\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu intihara zorlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. IV. Ramses ayr\u0131ca B\u00fcy\u00fck Harris Papir\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc derlemi\u015f ve babas\u0131n\u0131n “vasiyetini” kaydetmi\u015ftir, bu da suikast giri\u015fiminin III. Ramses\u2019in 31 y\u0131ll\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
\u00a0Ramses III, Medinet Habu’da babas\u0131 tanr\u0131 Amun-Ra’dan can al\u0131yor. On Sekizinci Hanedan’dan itibaren gizemli Amun-Ra, M\u0131s\u0131r tanr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcs\u00fcyd\u00fc. G\u00f6rsel: RBP
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II. Ramses\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da 20. Hanedan\u2019\u0131n nas\u0131l iktidara geldi\u011fi tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Bu d\u00f6neme ait siyasi olaylara dair bilgiler, ilk h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Sethnakht (M\u00d6 1186-1184) taraf\u0131ndan Elephantine Adas\u0131\u2019nda dikilen bir stel ve Ramses IV\u2019\u00fcn h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda (M\u00d6 1153-1147) yaz\u0131lan B\u00fcy\u00fck Harris Papir\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nden gelmektedir. Sethnakht\u2019in stelinde, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan ka\u00e7an isyanc\u0131lar\u0131 nas\u0131l kovdu\u011fu anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu isyanc\u0131lar, ka\u00e7arken M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan … <\/p>\n

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Ramses\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da 20. Hanedan\u2019\u0131n nas\u0131l iktidara geldi\u011fi tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Bu d\u00f6neme ait siyasi olaylara dair bilgiler, ilk h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Sethnakht (M\u00d6 1186-1184) taraf\u0131ndan Elephantine Adas\u0131\u2019nda dikilen bir stel ve Ramses IV\u2019\u00fcn h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda (M\u00d6 1153-1147) yaz\u0131lan B\u00fcy\u00fck Harris Papir\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nden gelmektedir. Sethnakht\u2019in stelinde, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan ka\u00e7an isyanc\u0131lar\u0131 nas\u0131l kovdu\u011fu anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. 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