<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\nII. Ramses, h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok erken d\u00f6neminde, muhtemelen h\u00e2l\u00e2 babas\u0131 Seti I ile e\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmdarken, ilk askeri seferine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu sefer, Nubia\u2019daki bir isyan\u0131 bast\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir operasyondu. Beit el-Wali\u2019deki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir kaya tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131nda yer alan kabartmalar, gen\u00e7 kral\u0131 iki \u00e7ocu\u011fuyla birlikte tasvir etmektedir: Veliaht Prens Amunherwenemef ve d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc o\u011flu Khaemwaset. Bu \u00e7ocuklar, sava\u015f arabalar\u0131nda gururla ayakta g\u00f6sterilse de, o d\u00f6nemde hen\u00fcz \u00e7ok gen\u00e7 olmal\u0131lard\u0131. Ramessid D\u00f6nemi boyunca, kraliyet prensleri babalar\u0131n\u0131n an\u0131tlar\u0131nda s\u0131k\u00e7a tasvir edildi. Bu, yeni hanedan\u0131n krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131k tamamen kal\u0131tsal oldu\u011funu vurgulamak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilir. Neredeyse t\u00fcm Ramessid veliaht prensleri, onursal veya ger\u00e7ek anlamda “ordunun ba\u015fkomutan\u0131” unvan\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131, bu unvan ilk kez hanedan\u0131n kurucusu Horemheb taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u0131l\u0131nda, II. Ramses, Suriye\u2019de b\u00fcy\u00fck bir askeri sefer d\u00fczenledi. Bu sefer sonucunda Amurru yeniden M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a ba\u011fland\u0131, ancak bu durum uzun s\u00fcrmedi. Hitit Kral\u0131 Muwatalli, Amurru\u2019yu h\u0131zla geri almak ve M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n daha fazla toprak kazanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in harekete ge\u00e7ti. Bunun sonucunda, II. Ramses bir y\u0131l sonra tekrar Sile s\u0131n\u0131r kalesini ge\u00e7erek do\u011frudan Hititlerle sava\u015fmaya gitti. Bu sava\u015f, antik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fc \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan biri olan Kade\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019yd\u0131. Sava\u015f\u0131n kendisi \u00f6nceki sava\u015flardan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 olmasa da, II. Ramses sava\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zafer olarak sundu. Bu zafer anlat\u0131m\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir propaganda kampanyas\u0131yla t\u00fcm \u00f6nemli tap\u0131naklar\u0131n duvarlar\u0131na kaz\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ger\u00e7ekte, II. Ramses yanl\u0131\u015f y\u00f6nlendirilmi\u015fti. Hitit kral\u0131n\u0131n kuzeyde Tunip\u2019te oldu\u011fu ve M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131larla y\u00fczle\u015fmekten korktu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu, ancak asl\u0131nda Kade\u015f\u2019in hemen yak\u0131n\u0131nda bulunuyordu. II. Ramses, d\u00f6rt ordusundan yaln\u0131zca biriyle Kade\u015f\u2019e h\u0131zla ilerledi, ancak bir anda Hitit kral\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck ordusuyla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131. Muwatalli \u00f6nce ilerleyen M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n ikinci t\u00fcmenini yok etti, ard\u0131ndan II. Ramses ve birliklerini ezmek i\u00e7in geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc. II. Ramses, sava\u015f\u0131n sonraki anlat\u0131mlar\u0131nda, bu an\u0131 ger\u00e7ek zafer an\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131. Hatta, en yak\u0131n yard\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 bile onu terk etmeye haz\u0131rken, babas\u0131 Amun\u2019a seslenerek yard\u0131m istedi ve neredeyse tek ba\u015f\u0131na sava\u015farak d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtt\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
II. Ramses, Kade\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Hitit sald\u0131rganlar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, babas\u0131 Amun\u2019a dua ederek yard\u0131m istedi. Amun, Ramses\u2019in dualar\u0131n\u0131 duydu ve tam zaman\u0131nda Amurru k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndan gelen M\u0131s\u0131r destek kuvvetlerini sava\u015f alan\u0131na y\u00f6nlendirdi. Bu kuvvetler, Hititleri arkadan sald\u0131rarak Ramses\u2019in ordusuyla birlikte d\u00fc\u015fman sava\u015f arabalar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 yok etti. Geri kalan Hitit birlikleri ka\u00e7t\u0131 ve bir\u00e7o\u011fu Orontes Nehri\u2019ne d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Sava\u015f\u0131n sonunda \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc M\u0131s\u0131r t\u00fcmeni geldi, ard\u0131ndan g\u00fcn bat\u0131m\u0131nda d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc t\u00fcmen de sava\u015fa kat\u0131ld\u0131. M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar, ertesi sabah d\u00fc\u015fmanla tekrar y\u00fczle\u015fmeye haz\u0131rd\u0131. Ancak, M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 sava\u015f arabalar\u0131 art\u0131k Hititlerden daha fazla olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Muwatalli\u2019nin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ordusu direnmeye devam etti ve sava\u015f \u00e7\u0131kmaza girdi. Ramses, Hititlerin bar\u0131\u015f teklifini reddetti, ancak bir ate\u015fkes kabul edildi. M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar, bir\u00e7ok sava\u015f esiri ve ganimetle geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc, ancak hedeflerine ula\u015famad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sonraki y\u0131llarda, Suriye-Filistin b\u00f6lgesinde birka\u00e7 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fand\u0131, ancak M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar bu b\u00f6lgeleri ele ge\u00e7irdikten sonra, ordular geri \u00e7ekildi\u011finde vassal devletler h\u0131zla Hititlere geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc. M\u0131s\u0131r, Kade\u015f ve Amurru\u2019yu hi\u00e7bir zaman kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak geri alamad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
II. Ramses\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 16. y\u0131l\u0131nda, Muwatalli\u2019nin gen\u00e7 o\u011flu Urhi-Teshub (Mursili III olarak bilinir), amcas\u0131 Hattusili III taraf\u0131ndan tahttan indirildi. \u0130ki y\u0131l sonra, \u00f6nce Babillilerden, sonra Asurlulardan yard\u0131m alarak taht\u0131n\u0131 geri kazanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ancak ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu ve sonunda M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a ka\u00e7t\u0131. Hattusili, Urhi-Teshub\u2019un iadesini talep etti, ancak M\u0131s\u0131r bu talebi reddetti. Bu durum, Hititlerin M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 yeni bir sava\u015f ba\u015flatmaya haz\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyordu. Ancak, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Asurlular, Hititlere ba\u011fl\u0131 Hanigalbat\u2019\u0131 fethederek Karhem\u0131\u015f ve Hitit \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu tehdit etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu ciddi tehdit kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, Hattusili M\u0131s\u0131r ile bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerini ba\u015flatmak zorunda kald\u0131 ve bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler, II. Ramses\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 21. y\u0131l\u0131nda resmi bir bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar, Kade\u015f ve Amurru\u2019nun kayb\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmek zorunda kald\u0131, ancak bu bar\u0131\u015f, kuzey cephesinde yeni bir istikrar sa\u011flad\u0131. Euphrates, Karadeniz ve Do\u011fu Ege\u2019ye a\u00e7\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131rlarla, uluslararas\u0131 ticaret Amenhotep III d\u00f6neminden beri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir \u015fekilde geli\u015fti. Bu bar\u0131\u015f ayn\u0131 zamanda II. Ramses\u2019in bat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na odaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Libyal\u0131 istilac\u0131lar \u00f6zellikle Delta b\u00f6lgesinde s\u00fcrekli bir tehdit olu\u015fturuyordu. II. Ramses, Delta\u2019n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in bir dizi tahkimat in\u015fa etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 34. y\u0131l\u0131nda, Hititlerle olan ba\u011flar daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lendi. II. Ramses, Hattusili\u2019nin k\u0131zlar\u0131ndan biriyle evlendi. Bu prenses b\u00fcy\u00fck bir t\u00f6renle kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131 ve kendisine M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da “Neferura-Horus\u2019u G\u00f6ren” ad\u0131 verildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
II. Ramses\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 boyunca yedi kad\u0131n “b\u00fcy\u00fck kraliyet e\u015fi” unvan\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, babas\u0131yla e\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmdar oldu\u011funda, kendisine g\u00fczel kad\u0131nlarla dolu bir harem sunulmu\u015ftu. Ancak, iki ana e\u015fi vard\u0131: Nefertari ve Isetnefret. Her ikisi de ona bir\u00e7ok o\u011ful ve k\u0131z \u00e7ocuk do\u011furdu. Nefertari, h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 25. y\u0131l\u0131na kadar “b\u00fcy\u00fck kraliyet e\u015fi” olarak kald\u0131, ancak \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra bu unvan Isetnefret\u2019e ge\u00e7ti. Isetnefret, Hitit prensesi M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a gelmeden k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
II. Ramses\u2019in d\u00f6rt k\u0131z\u0131 da “b\u00fcy\u00fck kraliyet e\u015fi” unvan\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131: Henutmira (uzun s\u00fcre k\u0131z\u0131ndan \u00e7ok k\u0131z karde\u015fi oldu\u011fu san\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131), Bintanat, Merytamun ve Nebettawy. Bunlar, kral\u0131n en y\u00fcksek stat\u00fcye sahip k\u0131zlar\u0131yd\u0131. II. Ramses\u2019in en az k\u0131rk k\u0131z\u0131 ve k\u0131rk be\u015f o\u011flu vard\u0131. Bir\u00e7o\u011fu, babalar\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fa etti\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck tap\u0131naklar\u0131n duvarlar\u0131nda uzun ge\u00e7it t\u00f6renlerinde tasvir edilmi\u015ftir. II. Ramses, bir\u00e7ok \u00e7ocu\u011fundan daha uzun ya\u015fad\u0131. Bu \u00e7ocuklar, Krallar Vadisi\u2019ndeki devasa KV 5 mezar\u0131nda birbiri ard\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc. Bu mezar, II. Ramses\u2019in Saqqara\u2019da Ptah tanr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kutsal Apis bo\u011falar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6m\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in in\u015fa etti\u011fi yeralt\u0131 galerilerine benziyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
II. Ramses, uzun h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 boyunca b\u00fcy\u00fck bir in\u015faat program\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc. Amenhotep III taraf\u0131ndan in\u015fa edilen ve 18. Hanedan firavunlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan tamamlanan Luxor\u2019daki Amun Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131\u2019na b\u00fcy\u00fck bir s\u00fctunlu avlu ve pylon ekledi. Bu avlu, tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n geri kalan\u0131na g\u00f6re ilgin\u00e7 bir a\u00e7\u0131yla planlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, muhtemelen Nil\u2019in kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki cenaze tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 Ramesseum ile do\u011frudan bir hat olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in. Bu, babas\u0131n\u0131n Karnak\u2019taki B\u00fcy\u00fck Hipostil Salonu ve Abd el-Qurna\u2019daki tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131yla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131na benziyordu. II. Ramses ayr\u0131ca Abydos\u2019ta Osiris i\u00e7in bir tap\u0131nak in\u015fa etti, babas\u0131n\u0131n tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131ndan daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ama ayn\u0131 derecede g\u00fczel bir yap\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n geri kalan\u0131nda, \u00fclkeyi tap\u0131naklar ve heykellerle doldurdu. Bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu \u00f6nceki h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlardan ald\u0131. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da II. Ramses\u2019in kartu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 neredeyse hi\u00e7bir an\u0131t yoktur. \u00d6zellikle etkileyici olan, A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Nubia\u2019daki sekiz kaya tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131d\u0131r, bunlar\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fcleri Abu Simbel\u2019deki iki tap\u0131nakt\u0131r. Bu tap\u0131naklar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, yerel kabilelerden toplanan i\u015f\u00e7ilerle in\u015fa edildi, Wadi es-Sebua\u2019daki tap\u0131nak, Nubia valisi Setau taraf\u0131ndan, h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 44. y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen bir bask\u0131ndan sonra yapt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
II. Ramses, \u00f6nceki h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlara ait y\u00fczlerce tanr\u0131 ve kral heykelini sahiplendi. \u00d6zellikle Amarna D\u00f6nemi\u2019nden \u00f6nceki son kral olan Amenhotep III taraf\u0131ndan yapt\u0131r\u0131lan heykelleri tercih etti. Ayr\u0131ca, Klasik D\u00f6nem\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 olan 12. Hanedan firavunlar\u0131n\u0131n yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 heykelleri de benimsedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
II. Ramses\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Amarna D\u00f6nemi\u2019nin radikal kopu\u015fundan sonra M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n yeniden \u015fekillenmesi s\u00fcrecinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131. Ramessid d\u00f6nemi, Eski ve Orta Krall\u0131k\u2019\u0131n klasik yazarlar\u0131na olan ilginin yeniden canlanmas\u0131yla karakterize edildi. Ptahhotep ve Kagemni gibi eski bilginlerin \u00f6\u011fretileri, Neferti ve \u0130puwer\u2019in kaos tasvirleri gibi metinler, bu d\u00f6nemde tekrar \u00f6nem kazand\u0131. Ramessid yazmanlar\u0131, bu eski eserlerin e\u015fsiz oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fckleri i\u00e7in, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f edebiyat\u0131 klasik M\u0131s\u0131r dili yerine Akhenaten d\u00f6neminde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan modern dilde yazd\u0131lar. Bu d\u00f6nemde a\u015fk \u015fiirleri, halk hik\u00e2yeleri ve mitolojik anlat\u0131lar, s\u00f6zl\u00fc gelenekten beslenerek yaz\u0131ya ge\u00e7irildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
II. Ramses, Avaris kentini geni\u015fleterek onu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir Delta ba\u015fkenti haline getirdi. Bu \u015fehir, Piramesse (“Ramses\u2019in Evi”) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u0130ncil\u2019deki Raamses olarak bilinir. Piramesse\u2019nin tam konumu uzun s\u00fcre tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131yd\u0131, ancak Tell el-Dab\u2019a ve Qantir\u2019deki geni\u015f kal\u0131nt\u0131larla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirildi\u011fi art\u0131k kesin olarak kabul edilmektedir. \u015eehir, Sile s\u0131n\u0131r kalesine ve Filistin ile Suriye\u2019deki eyaletlere giden yol \u00fczerinde stratejik bir konuma sahipti. Ayr\u0131ca, Nil\u2019in Pelusiac kolu boyunca yer al\u0131yordu ve k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n en \u00f6nemli uluslararas\u0131 ticaret merkezi ve askeri \u00fcss\u00fc haline geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Piramesse\u2019de Asya k\u00f6kenli etkiler her zaman g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcyd\u00fc, ancak bu d\u00f6nemde Baal, Reshep, Hauron, Anat ve Astarte gibi bir\u00e7ok yabanc\u0131 tanr\u0131 burada ibadet edilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. \u015eehirde bir\u00e7ok yabanc\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131 ve baz\u0131lar\u0131 y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbeli devlet g\u00f6revlisi oldu. \u00d6zellikle “kraliyet k\u00e2hyas\u0131” unvan\u0131, genellikle yabanc\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcstlenilen \u00f6nemli bir y\u00f6netici pozisyonuydu. Bu ki\u015filer, normal b\u00fcrokratik hiyerar\u015finin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6zel kraliyet g\u00f6revleriyle g\u00f6revlendiriliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hititlerle yap\u0131lan bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu olarak, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n eski d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 olan Hititler taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6nderilen uzman zanaatk\u00e2rlar, Piramesse\u2019deki silah at\u00f6lyelerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lara en yeni silah teknolojisini \u00f6\u011frettiler. \u00d6zellikle Hitit kalkanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretimi b\u00fcy\u00fck talep g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Bu d\u00f6nemde M\u0131s\u0131r ordusunda bir\u00e7ok yabanc\u0131 asker bulunuyordu, bunlar sava\u015f esiri olarak M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a gelmi\u015f ve daha sonra \u00fclkenin sava\u015f birliklerine kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
II. Ramses\u2019in bir\u00e7ok y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbeli yetkilisi Piramesse\u2019de ya\u015fad\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ancak \u00e7o\u011fu Memphis nekropol\u00fcnde g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc. Ramessid D\u00f6nemi\u2019ne ait yakla\u015f\u0131k otuz be\u015f mezar burada kaz\u0131ld\u0131 ve baz\u0131lar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck yap\u0131lar i\u00e7eriyordu. Bu mezarlar h\u00e2l\u00e2 M\u0131s\u0131r tap\u0131naklar\u0131 \u015feklinde in\u015fa ediliyordu, ancak \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nem mezarlar\u0131na k\u0131yasla farkl\u0131 \u00f6zellikler ta\u015f\u0131yordu<\/p>\n\n\n\n
II. Ramses\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, 18. Hanedan\u2019\u0131n son d\u00f6nemine k\u0131yasla mezar yap\u0131m kalitesinde belirgin bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ya\u015fand\u0131. \u00d6nceki mezarlar, sa\u011flam kerpi\u00e7 duvarlar ve i\u00e7 y\u00fczeylere yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 kaplamalarla in\u015fa edilirken, bu d\u00f6nemde duvarlar tamamen \u00e7ift s\u0131ra kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 bloklardan olu\u015fuyordu ve aralar\u0131ndaki bo\u015fluklar molozla dolduruluyordu. Ayn\u0131 teknik, pylonlar ve piramitler i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n kalitesi genellikle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, bloklar dikkatlice birbirine uyacak \u015fekilde yerle\u015ftirilmek yerine, aralar\u0131ndaki bo\u015fluklar bol miktarda s\u0131va ile dolduruldu. Kabartmalar\u0131n kalitesi de \u00f6nceki mezarlara k\u0131yasla daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyedeydi. Bu genel i\u015f\u00e7ilik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, \u00fclke genelinde g\u00f6zlemlenebilir, hatta kral\u0131n kendi tap\u0131naklar\u0131nda bile. \u0130ki ana kabartma tekni\u011finden, daha \u00fcst\u00fcn ancak daha zaman al\u0131c\u0131 ve pahal\u0131 olan kabartma kabartma (raised relief) h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131ndan sonra neredeyse tamamen ortadan kalkt\u0131 ve yerini daha yayg\u0131n olan \u00e7ukur kabartmaya (sunk relief) b\u0131rakt\u0131. Genel olarak, II. Ramses\u2019in an\u0131tlar\u0131, incelik ve m\u00fckemmellikten \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri ve say\u0131lar\u0131yla etkileyici olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
II. Ramses, Amenhotep III\u2019ten sonra birden fazla sed-festivali kutlayan ilk kral oldu. \u0130lk festival h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 30. y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti ve ard\u0131ndan 13 festival daha d\u00fczenlendi. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ll\u0131k aral\u0131klarla kutlan\u0131rken, ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru her y\u0131l d\u00fczenlenmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Amenhotep III, \u00fc\u00e7 j\u00fcbilesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda tanr\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ancak II. Ramses, b\u00fcy\u00fck selefine k\u0131yasla daha az sab\u0131rl\u0131yd\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sekizinci y\u0131l\u0131nda, “Tanr\u0131 Ramses” ad\u0131 verilen devasa bir heykelin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Benzer isimlere sahip devasa heykeller, t\u00fcm b\u00fcy\u00fck tap\u0131naklar\u0131n giri\u015flerinde ve pylonlar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde dikildi ve bu heykeller d\u00fczenli olarak ibadet edilen ve halk taraf\u0131ndan tap\u0131n\u0131lan nesneler haline geldi. Tap\u0131naklar\u0131n i\u00e7inde, “Tanr\u0131 Ramses” kendi k\u00fclt imaj\u0131na ve di\u011fer tanr\u0131larla birlikte ta\u015f\u0131nan bir t\u00f6ren kay\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahipti. Kabartmalarda, II. Ramses s\u0131k s\u0131k kendi tanr\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haline sunular sunarken tasvir edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
II. Ramses\u2019in bir\u00e7ok y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbeli o\u011flu aras\u0131nda, Krali\u00e7e Isetnefret\u2019in ikinci o\u011flu Khaemwaset \u00f6zellikle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Memphis\u2019te Ptah\u2019\u0131n ba\u015f rahibi olarak g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015f ve b\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fc ile bilgin olarak \u00fcn kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, bu \u00fcn\u00fc Roma d\u00f6nemine kadar devam etmi\u015ftir. II. Ramses\u2019in hi\u00e7bir o\u011flu, Khaemwaset kadar \u00e7ok an\u0131t b\u0131rakmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bu an\u0131tlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, bazen arkaik olan bilimsel metinlerle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. II. Ramses\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, klasik geleneklerin belirgin bir \u015fekilde yeniden canlanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f olsa da, Khaemwaset\u2019in M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6rkemli ge\u00e7mi\u015fine \u00f6zel bir ilgisi oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Eski Krall\u0131k d\u00f6nemine ait birka\u00e7 piramidi restore etmesi de bunun bir g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
II. Ramses, Eski Krall\u0131k mezar kabartmalar\u0131n\u0131n tarz\u0131n\u0131 taklit etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 baz\u0131 an\u0131tlar in\u015fa etti. Memphis nekropol\u00fcndeki firavun mezarlar\u0131n\u0131 restore etti ve baz\u0131 kendi an\u0131tlar\u0131nda Eski Krall\u0131k mezar kabartmalar\u0131n\u0131n stilini benimsedi. Ptah\u2019\u0131n ba\u015f rahibi olarak g\u00f6rev yapan o\u011flu Khaemwaset, kutsal Apis bo\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6m\u00fclmesini denetlemekle sorumluydu. Serapeum\u2019daki ilk galeri mezarlar\u0131, Khaemwaset taraf\u0131ndan yapt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, babas\u0131n\u0131n ilk be\u015f sed-festivalini duyurmak i\u00e7in \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda seyahat etti, bu festivaller geleneksel olarak Memphis\u2019ten ilan edilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
II. Ramses\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 52. y\u0131l\u0131nda, Khaemwaset hayatta kalan en b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011ful oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in veliaht prens oldu. Ancak, o d\u00f6nemde zaten 60\u2019l\u0131 ya\u015flar\u0131ndayd\u0131 ve birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra, h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n 55. y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fc. B\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle Memphis nekropol\u00fcne g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc, ancak ger\u00e7ekten Serapeum\u2019a defnedilip defnedilmedi\u011fi kesin de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Khaemwaset\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, II. Ramses 12 y\u0131l daha ya\u015fad\u0131 ve h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 67. y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fc. Bu, 6. Hanedan\u2019dan Pepy I\u2019den (M\u00d6 2321-2287) sonra en uzun s\u00fcre tahtta kalan h\u00fck\u00fcmdar oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na geliyordu. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan bir efsaneye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ve halefleri taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde hayranl\u0131kla an\u0131ld\u0131 (ve k\u0131skan\u0131ld\u0131). Onun hat\u0131ras\u0131, hem kendi ad\u0131yla hem de Orta Krall\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131 olan Sesostris ile sonraki geleneklerde ya\u015famaya devam etti. II. Ramses, Orta Krall\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n bir\u00e7ok an\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 sahiplendi\u011fi i\u00e7in, bu isimle de an\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
II. Ramses\u2019in en b\u00fcy\u00fck on iki o\u011flu, kendisinden \u00f6nce \u00f6ld\u00fc. Sonunda, onun yerine ge\u00e7en ki\u015fi, Isetnefret\u2019in d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc o\u011flu ve Khaemwaset\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra veliaht prens olan Merenptah (M\u00d6 1213-1203) oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
II. Ramses\u2019in tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ilgili kesin bilgiler bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Seti I\u2019in en y\u00fcksek belgelenmi\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k y\u0131l\u0131 on birinci y\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r, ancak birka\u00e7 y\u0131l daha h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olabilir. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru, tam olarak ne zaman oldu\u011fu bilinmemekle birlikte, o\u011flu ve varisi olan II. Ramses\u2019i e\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olarak atad\u0131. II. Ramses\u2019in tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ilgili kaynaklar, yaln\u0131zca onun tek h\u00fck\u00fcmdar … <\/p>\n
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Ramses (B\u00fcy\u00fck Ramses) - M\u0131s\u0131rbilim Ansiklopedisi - Egyptology Encyclopedia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/ii-ramses-buyuk-ramses\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"II. Ramses (B\u00fcy\u00fck Ramses) - M\u0131s\u0131rbilim Ansiklopedisi - Egyptology Encyclopedia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"II. Ramses\u2019in tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ilgili kesin bilgiler bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Seti I\u2019in en y\u00fcksek belgelenmi\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k y\u0131l\u0131 on birinci y\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r, ancak birka\u00e7 y\u0131l daha h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olabilir. 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Ayaz","author_link":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/author\/birkanayaz26\/"},"uagb_comment_info":2,"uagb_excerpt":"II. Ramses\u2019in tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ilgili kesin bilgiler bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Seti I\u2019in en y\u00fcksek belgelenmi\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k y\u0131l\u0131 on birinci y\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r, ancak birka\u00e7 y\u0131l daha h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olabilir. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru, tam olarak ne zaman oldu\u011fu bilinmemekle birlikte, o\u011flu ve varisi olan II. Ramses\u2019i e\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olarak atad\u0131. II. Ramses\u2019in tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ilgili kaynaklar, yaln\u0131zca onun tek h\u00fck\u00fcmdar…","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1937","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1937"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1937\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5418,"href":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1937\/revisions\/5418"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5411"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1937"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1937"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1937"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
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