{"id":1927,"date":"2025-07-19T14:50:04","date_gmt":"2025-07-19T11:50:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/?p=1927"},"modified":"2025-12-03T20:17:05","modified_gmt":"2025-12-03T20:17:05","slug":"tutankhamun","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/tutankhamun\/","title":{"rendered":"Tutankhamun"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Tutankhamun <\/strong>[ a ]<\/a><\/sup> veya Tutankhamen <\/strong>[ b ]<\/a><\/sup> ( Eski M\u0131s\u0131rca<\/a> : twt-\ua725n\u1e2b-jmn<\/a><\/em> ; yakla\u015f\u0131k \u2009M\u00d6 1341  – yakla\u015f\u0131k \u2009M\u00d6 1323 ), Antik M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n<\/a> On Sekizinci Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n<\/a> sonlar\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k M\u00d6 \u20091332 – 1323 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren bir M\u0131s\u0131r firavunuydu . <\/a>Tutankhaten<\/strong> olarak do\u011fan Tutankhamun, Atenizm<\/a> olarak bilinen dine daha \u00f6nce ya\u015fanan kaymay\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rarak, Antik M\u0131s\u0131r dininin<\/a> geleneksel \u00e7ok tanr\u0131l\u0131 bi\u00e7iminin yeniden canland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131 . Tutankhamun’un saltanat\u0131, Antik M\u0131s\u0131r tarihindeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck restorasyon d\u00f6nemlerinden biri olarak kabul edilir. [<\/a><\/sup> 8 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/strong><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve k\u00fcltleri yeniden canland\u0131rmas\u0131 Restorasyon Stela’s\u0131na<\/a> kaydedilmi\u015ftir . Teb’deki tanr\u0131 Amun <\/a>k\u00fclt\u00fc<\/a> yeniden \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131 ve kraliyet \u00e7ifti, -aten ekini<\/a> de\u011fi\u015ftirerek isimlerini “Tutankhamun” ve “Ankhesenamun” olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Ayr\u0131ca , krall\u0131\u011fa gelir gelmez kraliyet saray\u0131n\u0131 Akhenaten’in ba\u015fkenti Amarna’dan <\/a>Memfis’e<\/a> geri ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131. Mitanni ile diplomatik ili\u015fkileri yeniden kurdu ve <\/a>Nubia<\/a> ve Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu’da askeri seferler d\u00fczenledi . Tutankhamun , ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca bir tanr\u0131 olarak tap\u0131n\u0131lan<\/a> az say\u0131daki kraldan biriydi . Gen\u00e7 kral muhtemelen Krallar Vadisi’nde<\/a> bir kraliyet mezar\u0131 ve ona e\u015flik eden bir cenaze tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 in\u015fa etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131 , ancak ikisi de \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde hen\u00fcz tamamlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tutankhamun beklenmedik bir \u015fekilde 18 ya\u015flar\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fc; sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00fcm nedeni bir\u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n konusu oldu. 2012’de s\u0131tma<\/a> ve bacak k\u0131r\u0131\u011f\u0131 kombinasyonundan \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Kraliyet mezar\u0131 tamamlanmam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fundan, bunun yerine amaca uygun hale getirilmi\u015f k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck, kraliyet d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir mezara g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc. Yerine , muhtemelen kral oldu\u011funda ya\u015fl\u0131 bir adam olan ve k\u0131sa bir saltanat s\u00fcren veziri Ay ge\u00e7ti. Ay’\u0131n yerine, Tutankhamun’un silahl\u0131 kuvvetlerinin <\/a>ba\u015fkomutan\u0131<\/a> olan Horemheb<\/a> ge\u00e7ti . Horemheb d\u00f6neminde geleneksel antik M\u0131s\u0131r dininin restorasyonu tamamland\u0131; Ay ve Tutankhamun’un yap\u0131lar\u0131 gasp edildi ve daha \u00f6nceki Amarna D\u00f6nemi<\/a> y\u00f6neticileri silindi.<\/a><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Modern zamanlarda Tutankhamun, 1922’de \u0130ngiliz M\u0131s\u0131rbilimci Howard Carter<\/a> liderli\u011findeki ve \u0130ngiliz aristokrat George Herbert <\/a>taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen bir ekip taraf\u0131ndan mezar\u0131n\u0131n<\/a> ( KV62) ke\u015ffedilmesiyle<\/a> \u00fcnlendi . Antik \u00e7a\u011flarda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ya\u011fmalanm\u0131\u015f ve soyulmu\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, kral\u0131n bozulmam\u0131\u015f mumyas\u0131<\/a> da dahil olmak \u00fczere orijinal i\u00e7eri\u011finin \u00e7o\u011funu korumu\u015ftur . Ke\u015fif d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda bas\u0131nda yer ald\u0131; 5.000’den fazla eserle, M\u0131s\u0131r M\u00fczesi’nde<\/a> saklanan Tutankhamun maskesinin pop\u00fcler bir sembol olmaya devam etti\u011fi <\/a>antik M\u0131s\u0131r’a<\/a> olan kamu ilgisini yeniden canland\u0131rd\u0131 . Hazinesinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir tepkiyle d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda seyahat etti; M\u0131s\u0131r h\u00fck\u00fcmeti 1961’den itibaren mezar turlar\u0131na izin verdi. Kaz\u0131da yer alan baz\u0131 ki\u015filerin \u00f6l\u00fcmleri, durumlar\u0131n\u0131n benzerli\u011fi nedeniyle halk aras\u0131nda ” firavunlar\u0131n laneti ” olarak nitelendirildi. Mezar\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015ffinden bu yana, <\/a>halk aras\u0131nda<\/a> ” Kral Tut<\/strong> ” olarak an\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131 . [<\/a><\/sup> 9 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/strong><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aile<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n On Sekizinci Hanedan\u0131 soy a\u011fac\u0131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
Tutankhamun ve krali\u00e7esi Ankhesenamun<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Tutankhamun , M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n On Sekizinci Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n<\/a> son d\u00f6nemlerinde<\/a> , Akhenaten<\/a> d\u00f6neminde do\u011fdu . As\u0131l ad\u0131 Tutankhaten veya Tutankhuaten’di ve ” Aten’in<\/a> ya\u015fayan sureti ” anlam\u0131na geliyordu. [<\/a><\/sup> c <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> Bu isim, Akhenaten’in saltanat\u0131n\u0131 karakterize eden ve Atenizm<\/a> olarak bilinen eski M\u0131s\u0131r dinindeki<\/a> de\u011fi\u015fimi yans\u0131t\u0131yordu . [<\/a><\/sup> 11 <\/a><\/sup>] <\/a><\/sup>[<\/a><\/sup> 12 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Soyunun kim oldu\u011fu, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan yaz\u0131tlarda belgelenmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. Hermopolis’ten<\/a> gelen par\u00e7al\u0131 bir yaz\u0131tta “Tutankhuaten”den “kral\u0131n o\u011flu” olarak bahsedildi\u011fi i\u00e7in kesinlikle bir prensti. [ 13 ] Genellikle Akhenaten’in <\/a><\/sup>[ 13 ]<\/a><\/sup> veya halefi Smenkhkare’nin [ <\/a>14<\/a><\/sup> ] o\u011flu oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcr . Tutankhamun’un saltanat\u0131ndan kalma yaz\u0131tlar, onu Akhenaten’in babas\u0131 III. Amenhotep’in<\/a> o\u011flu olarak ele al\u0131r ; ancak bu, yaln\u0131zca Akhenaten’in 17 y\u0131ll\u0131k saltanat\u0131n\u0131n babas\u0131yla uzun s\u00fcreli bir ortak naipli\u011fi i\u00e7ermesi durumunda m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr; [15] <\/a><\/sup>bu<\/a><\/sup> olas\u0131l\u0131k <\/a><\/sup>bir zamanlar bir\u00e7ok M\u0131s\u0131rbilimci <\/a><\/sup>taraf\u0131ndan<\/a><\/sup> desteklenmi\u015f ancak art\u0131k terk edilmi\u015ftir. [<\/a><\/sup> 16 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> Annesinin \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fekillerde Akhenaten’in ba\u015f kar\u0131s\u0131 Nefertiti<\/a> , [<\/a><\/sup> 17 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> Amenhotep III’\u00fcn k\u0131z\u0131 Beketaten<\/a> , [<\/a><\/sup> 18 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> veya Akhenaten’in k\u0131zlar\u0131 Meritaten <\/a>[<\/a><\/sup> 19 <\/a><\/sup>] <\/a><\/sup>[<\/a><\/sup> d <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> veya Meketaten<\/a> oldu\u011fu \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr . [<\/a><\/sup> 20 <\/a><\/sup>] <\/a><\/sup>[<\/a><\/sup> e <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> Tutankhamun , Sakkara’daki mezar\u0131ndan bilinen Maia<\/a> adl\u0131 bir kad\u0131n taraf\u0131ndan emzirilmi\u015ftir . <\/a>[<\/a><\/sup> 22 <\/a><\/sup>] <\/a><\/sup>[<\/a><\/sup> 23 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

DNA testleri babas\u0131n\u0131n KV55<\/a> mezar\u0131ndaki mumya oldu\u011funu ve Akhenaten<\/a> oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc , annesinin ise KV35<\/a> mezar\u0131nda saklanan isimsiz bir mumya olan ” Gen\u00e7 Han\u0131m<\/a> ” oldu\u011funu tespit etti . Ebeveynleri tam karde\u015flerdi ve her ikisi de III. Amenhotep’in ve ba\u015f kar\u0131s\u0131 Tiye’nin<\/a> \u00e7ocuklar\u0131yd\u0131 . [<\/a><\/sup> 24 <\/a><\/sup>] <\/a><\/sup>[<\/a><\/sup> f <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> Gen\u00e7 Han\u0131m’\u0131n kimli\u011fi bilinmiyor ancak Akhenaten’in k\u0131z karde\u015fi oldu\u011fu bilinmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in Nefertiti olamaz. [<\/a><\/sup> 27 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> Ancak Marc Gabolde<\/a> ve Aidan Dodson<\/a> gibi ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar Nefertiti’nin ger\u00e7ekten Tutankhamun’un annesi oldu\u011funu iddia ediyorlar. DNA sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n bu yorumunda, genetik yak\u0131nl\u0131k bir erkek-k\u0131z karde\u015f e\u015fle\u015fmesinden de\u011fil, \u00fc\u00e7 nesil birinci kuzen evlili\u011finin<\/a> sonucudur ve bu da Nefertiti’yi Akhenaten’in birinci kuzeni yapar. [<\/a><\/sup> 28 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> Mumyalanm\u0131\u015f kal\u0131nt\u0131lardan elde edilen genetik verilerin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi ve g\u00fcvenilirli\u011fi, \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmeye ba\u011fl\u0131 olas\u0131 bozulma nedeniyle sorgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [<\/a><\/sup> 29 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tutankhaten kral oldu\u011funda, Akhenaten’in k\u0131zlar\u0131ndan biri olan Ankhesenpaaten ile evlendi; bu k\u0131z daha sonra ad\u0131n\u0131 Ankhesenamun olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. <\/a>[ 30 ]<\/a><\/sup> Do\u011fumda veya do\u011fumdan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra \u00f6len ve kendisiyle birlikte mezar\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fclen iki k\u0131z\u0131<\/a> vard\u0131 . [ 24 ]<\/a><\/sup> 2011’de yay\u0131nlanan bilgisayarl\u0131 tomografi<\/a> \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, bir k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n hamileli\u011fin 5-6. ay\u0131nda, di\u011ferinin ise tam vadede, 9. ay\u0131nda erken do\u011fdu\u011funu ortaya koydu. [ 31 ]<\/a><\/sup> DNA testi, isimsiz mumya KV21A’n\u0131n<\/a> anneleri oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc; ancak veriler, onun bilinen tek e\u015fi Ankhesenamun olarak g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131na yetecek kadar istatistiksel olarak anlaml\u0131 de\u011fil. [ 24 ]<\/a><\/sup> Tutankhamun’un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, On Sekizinci Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kraliyet soyunun sonunu i\u015faret etti. [ 32 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrmek<\/h2>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
Yukar\u0131da tasvir edilen Tutankhamun’un taht\u0131, Aten<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Tutankhamun , Akhenaten’in halefleri Smenkhkare ve Neferneferuaten’in<\/a> k\u0131sa saltanatlar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan sekiz ile dokuz ya\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda firavun<\/a> oldu [ 33 ]<\/a><\/sup> . Smenkhkare’nin saltanat\u0131n\u0131n Akhenaten’inkinden daha uzun s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirsizdir; kad\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdar Neferneferuaten’in, Akhenaten’in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce e\u015f naip oldu\u011fu ve Athena van der Perre ile Nozumu Kawai’ye g\u00f6re Tutankhamun’un tahta \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce 2 veya 3 y\u0131ll\u0131k tek bir saltanat s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. [ 34<\/a><\/sup> ] <\/a><\/sup>[ <\/a><\/sup>35<\/a><\/sup> ] <\/a><\/sup>[ <\/a><\/sup>36<\/a><\/sup> ] <\/a><\/sup>[ <\/a><\/sup>37<\/a><\/sup> ] <\/a><\/sup>Tahta<\/a><\/sup> \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Tutankhamun, Nebkheperure taht ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. <\/a>[<\/a><\/sup> 38 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> Yakla\u015f\u0131k dokuz y\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc. [<\/a><\/sup> 39 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tutankhamun’un h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda vezirlik<\/a> makam\u0131 Yukar\u0131<\/a> ve A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r<\/a> aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc . Yukar\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n ba\u015f veziri Usermontu’ydu<\/a> . Pentju adl\u0131 ba\u015fka bir ki\u015fi de vezirdi, ancak hangi topraklarda oldu\u011fu belirsizdir. Tutankhamun’un halefi Ay’\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten bu makamda bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tam olarak bilinmemektedir. KV58’den bir alt\u0131n varak par\u00e7as\u0131, Ay’\u0131n “vezir, maat yapan” s\u0131fat\u0131yla birlikte Maat<\/a> Rahibi olarak an\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de kesin de\u011fil. Bu s\u0131fat, normal vezir taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lan ola\u011fan tan\u0131ma uymasa da gayriresmi bir \u00fcnvana i\u015faret ediyor olabilir. Ay’\u0131n vezirlik unvan\u0131n\u0131 e\u015fi benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir \u015fekilde kullanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 da m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. [ 40 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manetho<\/a> ad\u0131nda bir M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 rahip, 36 y\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren Orus ad\u0131nda bir kraldan ve on iki y\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren Acencheres ad\u0131nda bir k\u0131z\u0131 ile yaln\u0131zca dokuz y\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren karde\u015fi Rathotis’ten bahsetti\u011fi kapsaml\u0131 bir antik M\u0131s\u0131r tarihi yazd\u0131. [ 41 ] <\/a><\/sup>[ 42 ]<\/a><\/sup> Amarna h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 listede merkezi bir konumdad\u0131r ancak hangi ismin hangi tarihi \u015fahsiyetle \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc konusunda ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar hemfikir de\u011fildir. Orus ve Acencheres, Horemheb ve Akhenaten ile, Rathotis ise Tutankhamun ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu isimler ayr\u0131ca Smenkhkare<\/a> , Amenhotep III<\/a> , Ay ve farkl\u0131 s\u0131ralarda di\u011ferleriyle de ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015ftir. [ 43 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lahi g\u00f6revi elinde tutan firavunun halkla ve tanr\u0131larla ili\u015fkilendirilebilmesi i\u00e7in, tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda onlar i\u00e7in \u00f6zel s\u0131fatlar yarat\u0131ld\u0131. Antik M\u0131s\u0131r unvan\u0131<\/a> ayn\u0131 zamanda ki\u015finin niteliklerini g\u00f6stermek ve onlar\u0131 d\u00fcnyevi alemle ili\u015fkilendirmek i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Be\u015f isim, y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca Horus ismiyle<\/a> ba\u015flayarak geli\u015ftirildi . [ g ] <\/a><\/sup>[ 44 ] <\/a><\/sup>[ 45 ]<\/a><\/sup> Tutankhamun’un [ h ]<\/a><\/sup> orijinal ad\u0131 <\/a>Tutankhaten<\/em> , [ 46 ]<\/a><\/sup> bununla ili\u015fkili bir Nebty ismi <\/a>[ i ]<\/a><\/sup> veya bir Alt\u0131n \u015eahin ismi <\/a>[ j ]<\/a><\/sup> i\u00e7ermiyordu [ 10 ]<\/a><\/sup> \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc tam be\u015f isim protokol\u00fcyle hi\u00e7bir \u015fey bulunamad\u0131. [ k ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dini-politik kar\u015f\u0131 emir<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Atenizm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
Amarna d\u00f6nemi M\u0131s\u0131r sanat\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Tutankhaten’in saltanat\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda, kraliyet saray\u0131 hala Amarna’da bulunuyordu ve mezar\u0131ndan elde edilen kan\u0131tlar, Aten’in hala kabul edildi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. [ 47 ]<\/a><\/sup> Ancak birka\u00e7 kan\u0131t, saray\u0131n\u0131n Atenizm’i geleneksel dinle uzla\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcyor [ 48 ] <\/a><\/sup>[ 49 ] <\/a><\/sup>[ 50 ]<\/a><\/sup> ve Amarna’daki faaliyetler, saltanat\u0131n\u0131n ilk d\u00f6rt y\u0131l\u0131nda azald\u0131. [ 51 ]<\/a><\/sup> Bu y\u0131llarda, kral\u0131n gen\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, dan\u0131\u015fmanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gereken Akhenaten’in politikalar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fler ya\u015fand\u0131. [ 52 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tutankhamun , \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc saltanat y\u0131l\u0131nda<\/a> babas\u0131n\u0131n saltanat\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bir\u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi geri ald\u0131. Tanr\u0131 Aten’e tap\u0131nmay\u0131 sona erdirdi ve tanr\u0131 Amun’u<\/a> yeniden \u00fcst\u00fcn k\u0131ld\u0131. Amun k\u00fclt\u00fcne getirilen yasak kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve rahiplik makam\u0131na geleneksel ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar geri verildi. Tutankhamun, iki \u00f6nemli tarikat\u0131n rahip tarikatlar\u0131n\u0131 zenginle\u015ftirdi ve ba\u011f\u0131\u015flad\u0131, Amarna D\u00f6nemi’nde<\/a> hasar g\u00f6ren eski an\u0131tlar i\u00e7in bir restorasyon s\u00fcreci ba\u015flatt\u0131 ve babas\u0131n\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 Krallar Vadisi’ne<\/a> yeniden g\u00f6md\u00fc . Akhenaten’in dini de\u011fi\u015fikliklerini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekte geri almaya ba\u015flayan\u0131n halefleri de\u011fil, Tutankhamun’un kendisi oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. [ 8 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu s\u0131ralarda, kraliyet saray\u0131 Amarna’y\u0131 terk etti. [ 53 ]<\/a><\/sup> Memphis, kraliyet y\u00f6netiminin ana merkezi haline geldi ve [ 53 ]<\/a><\/sup> Akhenaten’in seleflerine dayanan, \u00fclkeyi daha uzak bir yer olan Teb’den ziyade bu merkezi konumdan y\u00f6netme e\u011filimini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. [ 54 ]<\/a><\/sup> Ba\u015fkent Teb’e<\/a> geri ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131 ve Akhetaten<\/a> \u015fehri terk edildi. [ 55 ]<\/a><\/sup> Amun’un M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen tanr\u0131s\u0131 olarak yeniden ilan edilmesiyle Teb bir kez daha en b\u00fcy\u00fck dini faaliyet merkezi haline geldi. [ 53 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Restorasyon Stela<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Ana madde: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Restorasyon Steli<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tutankhaten’in saltanat\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u0131l\u0131nda ad\u0131 “Tutankhamun” olarak, krali\u00e7esinin ad\u0131 ise “Ankhesenamun” olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirildi. [ 56 ] <\/a><\/sup>[ 57 ]<\/a><\/sup> Tutankhamun’un saltanat\u0131n\u0131n 4. y\u0131l\u0131na tarihlenen Restorasyon Steli, Amarna D\u00f6nemi’ni bir felaket d\u00f6nemi olarak nitelendirerek \u015f\u00f6yle <\/a>diyor<\/a> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

” Elephantine’den <\/a>Delta<\/a> batakl\u0131klar\u0131na kadar tap\u0131naklar ve tanr\u0131 ve tanr\u0131\u00e7alar\u0131n m\u00fclkleri harabeye d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc… Bir tanr\u0131dan tavsiye isteseniz, size kat\u0131lmazd\u0131; ve bir tanr\u0131\u00e7ayla da ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde konu\u015fsan\u0131z, o da size kat\u0131lmazd\u0131.” [ 58 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Dikilita\u015f, geleneksel k\u00fcltlerin yeniden in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 ilan ediyor; [ 59 ]<\/a><\/sup> rahipler ve tap\u0131nak g\u00f6revlilerinin di\u011fer \u00fcyeleri eski konumlar\u0131na geri getirildi. [ 60 ]<\/a><\/sup> Restorasyon Dikilita\u015f\u0131 daha sonra Horemheb taraf\u0131ndan gasp edildi. [ 61 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mimarl\u0131k projeleri<\/h3>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
<\/a>Medinet Habu’daki<\/a> tap\u0131nak kompleksinden Tutankhamun’a ait oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen kuvarsit heykel<\/a><\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Geleneksel k\u00fcltlerin restorasyonunun bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak kral, \u00f6zellikle Teb’deki Karnak’ta <\/a>Mut<\/a> tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131na giden sfenks<\/a> yolunu d\u00fczenledi\u011fi in\u015faat projelerine ba\u015flad\u0131 . Sfenksler ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Akhenaten ve Nefertiti i\u00e7in yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; onlara yeni ko\u00e7 ba\u015flar\u0131 ve kral\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck heykelleri verildi. [<\/a><\/sup> 62 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> Luksor tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131nda Amenhotep III’\u00fcn giri\u015f s\u00fctunlar\u0131n\u0131n dekorasyonunu tamamlad\u0131. [<\/a><\/sup> 63 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> Tutankhamun, Amun ve Ptah<\/a> k\u00fcltlerinin rahip say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 zenginle\u015ftiren ve art\u0131ran \u00e7e\u015fitli ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar yapt\u0131 . En iyi metallerden ve ta\u015flardan tanr\u0131lar\u0131n yeni heykellerini sipari\u015f etti ve L\u00fcbnan’dan gelen<\/a> en iyi sedirden yeni alay kay\u0131klar\u0131<\/a> yapt\u0131rd\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131 alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fle s\u00fcsletti. [<\/a><\/sup> 64 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amun’un Sevdi\u011fi-Tebes’i D\u00fczenleyen Nebkheperure Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan ve muhtemelen bir cenaze tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 olan Teb’deki Nebkheperre Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 ile ayn\u0131 olabilecek bir yap\u0131da, Akhenaten’in do\u011fu Karnak Aten tap\u0131naklar\u0131ndan geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f talatat<\/a> kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bu da bu tap\u0131naklar\u0131n s\u00f6k\u00fclmesinin halihaz\u0131rda devam etti\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. [ 65 ]<\/a><\/sup> Tutankhamun’un in\u015faat projelerinin \u00e7o\u011fu \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde tamamlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle Horemheb olmak \u00fczere halefleri taraf\u0131ndan tamamlanm\u0131\u015f veya gasp edilmi\u015ftir. Sfenksli cadde halefi Ay taraf\u0131ndan tamamlanm\u0131\u015f ve tamam\u0131 Horemheb taraf\u0131ndan gasp edilmi\u015ftir. Teb’deki Nebkheperure Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n par\u00e7alar\u0131 Horemheb’in kendi bina projelerine geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ya\u015fam boyu tanr\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Ayr\u0131ca bak\u0131n\u0131z: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ya\u015farken tanr\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan firavunlar\u0131n listesi<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Antik M\u0131s\u0131r’da firavunlar, \u00f6l\u00fcmlerinden sonra cenaze k\u00fcltleri<\/a> ve ili\u015fkili tap\u0131naklar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla tanr\u0131<\/a> olarak kutsan\u0131rd\u0131 . Bu t\u00fcr bir tanr\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma<\/a> genellikle \u00f6len firavunlar i\u00e7in sakl\u0131yd\u0131, ancak Tutankhamun, ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca bu \u015fekilde tap\u0131n\u0131lan az say\u0131daki firavundan biriydi. [ 66 ]<\/a><\/sup> K\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fcn tap\u0131naklar\u0131, Nubia’daki<\/a> Kawa ve<\/a> Faras gibi uzak yerlerde bile in\u015fa edildi. <\/a>Ku\u015f Valisi’nin<\/a> k\u0131z karde\u015finin unvan\u0131, k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fcn evrenselli\u011fini g\u00f6steren, tanr\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f krala bir g\u00f6nderme i\u00e7eriyordu. [<\/a><\/sup> 67 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
Sol kartu\u015f<\/a> : Nomen<\/a><\/em> “Yukar\u0131 Heliopolis h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Tutankhamun”. [ 68 ] <\/a><\/sup>[ 69 ]<\/a><\/sup> Sa\u011f: Prenomen<\/a><\/em> “Nebkheperura”. [ 69 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Tarikattaki \u00fc\u00e7 mevki ve bu mevkilere atanan ki\u015filer biliniyor, bunlar a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda \u00f6zetlenmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konum<\/th>Vekil<\/th><\/tr>
Vali Huy<\/a><\/td>Tutankhamun’un 1. Peygamberi<\/sup><\/td><\/tr>
Mermose<\/td>Tutankhamun’un<\/sup> 2. Peygamberi<\/td><\/tr>
Taemwadjsy<\/a><\/td>Tanr\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Tutankhamun’un Hareminin<\/a> \u015eefi<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131rbilimci Lanny Bell, Kawa’daki kriyosfenks<\/a> tasvirinin anlam\u0131n\u0131, Tutankhamun’un Amun-Re<\/a> olarak tanr\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f halinin bir temsili olarak tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r :<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Kral\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle Nubia’da, Amun-Re’ye benzemesine dair mevcut kapsaml\u0131 kan\u0131tlar ba\u011flam\u0131nda, Tutankhamun’un Kawa’da kendisine bu tanr\u0131n\u0131n bir bi\u00e7imi olarak tap\u0131nmas\u0131 ilk bak\u0131\u015fta g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadar tuhaf de\u011fildir. Bu konuda Amenhotep III’\u00fcn<\/a> \u00f6rne\u011fini izliyordu ; Ramses II<\/a> ise yaln\u0131zca seleflerinin sembolizmini benzersiz bir \u00f6l\u00e7ekte sergilemi\u015fti. [ 70 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Tutankhamun, k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fc Aten yerine Amun’u vurgulayarak III. Amenhotep’e paralel olarak tasarlad\u0131. Daha sonra II. Ramses, kendi k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fcn tasar\u0131m\u0131nda bu k\u00fclt yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karnak Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131’ndaki Huy Steli,<\/a> ayn\u0131 zamanda Firavun Tutankhamun’un ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca tanr\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n<\/a> da kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r . \u0130\u00e7inde, Tutankhamun’un tanr\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haline y\u00f6nelik bir ilahi yer almaktad\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da, \u0130ngilizce \u00e7evirisinden bir al\u0131nt\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Amun’un ka’s\u0131na<\/a> \u00f6vg\u00fcler sunun , Karnak’\u0131n efendisi, Amun’a sayg\u0131<\/a> g\u00f6sterin, \u0130ki \u00dclkeve … Tutankhamun’un kraliyet ka’s\u0131na yemin etsinler: G\u00fcney \u00fclkelerinin g\u00f6zetmeni Huy, Ku\u015f’un kraliyet o\u011flunun ka’s\u0131namutlu bir \u00f6m\u00fcr ve her g\u00fcn ne\u015feli bir beden versinler .<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lahi, Tutankhamun’u a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a tanr\u0131 Amun<\/a> ile e\u015fde\u011fer bir ilahiyatla ele al\u0131r . [ 71 ]<\/a><\/sup> Lanny Bell ayr\u0131ca Huy Stela’s\u0131na e\u015flik eden sanat eserini tan\u0131mlayarak, Huy’un \u00fc\u00e7 tanr\u0131ya tap\u0131n\u0131rken ayakta g\u00f6sterildi\u011fini belirtir: \u0130ki \u00dclkenin Tahtlar\u0131n\u0131n efendisi Amun-Re, ko\u00e7 ba\u015fl\u0131 Amun ve Tutankhamun’un kraliyet ka’s\u0131. [ 72 ]<\/a><\/sup> Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, stela’n\u0131n sanat eseri de Tutankhamun’u tanr\u0131larla a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yan yana koyar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Askeri kampanyalar<\/h3>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
Tutankhamun d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131na sald\u0131r\u0131yor, 18. hanedan<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

\u00dclke, Akhenaten’in saltanat\u0131ndan sonra ekonomik olarak zay\u0131ft\u0131 ve karga\u015fa i\u00e7indeydi. Di\u011fer krall\u0131klarla diplomatik ili\u015fkiler ihmal edilmi\u015fti ve Tutankhamun, \u00f6zellikle Mitanni<\/a> ile, bunlar\u0131 yeniden tesis etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131 . Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131t\u0131, mezar\u0131nda bulunan \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerden gelen hediyelerle \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. [ 73 ]<\/a><\/sup> \u0130li\u015fkileri iyile\u015ftirme \u00e7abalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Teb’deki cenaze tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131nda Nubiyal\u0131lar<\/a> ve Asyal\u0131larla yap\u0131lan sava\u015flar kaydedildi; her ikisi de M\u0131s\u0131r i\u00e7in zaferdi. <\/a>[ 74 ]<\/a><\/sup> Ayr\u0131ca, bilindi\u011fi kadar\u0131yla, Tutankhamun’un askeri saltanat\u0131 yenilgisizdi ve antik M\u0131s\u0131r tarihindeki di\u011fer yenilgisiz saltanatlardan biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sava\u015f kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<\/h4>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
Tutankhamun’un kalkanlar\u0131ndan<\/a> biri , M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131 simgeleyen aslanlar\u0131 tehdit ederken tasvir edilmi\u015ftir.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Tutankhamun’un sava\u015flara ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k bir sorudur ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar aras\u0131nda hen\u00fcz bir fikir birli\u011fine var\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir yandan, mezar\u0131 yaylar, khopesh k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131<\/a> , han\u00e7erler, bileklikler, topuzlar, kalkanlar ve bir topuz gibi kapsaml\u0131 askeri silahlar i\u00e7eriyordu ve bu da kapsaml\u0131 bir silah e\u011fitimi ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyordu. Bu t\u00fcr bir\u00e7ok e\u015fyan\u0131n \u00fczerinde ad\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131 ve a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f durumdayd\u0131. [ 8 ]<\/a><\/sup> Antik M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n klasik sava\u015f anlat\u0131s\u0131 sanat<\/a> t\u00fcr\u00fcndeki \u00e7e\u015fitli imgeler, Tutankhamun’u sava\u015fa do\u011frudan kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 olarak tasvir eder; mezar\u0131ndaki boyal\u0131 hazine sand\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki grafik sava\u015f tasvirleri ve d\u00fc\u015fmanlara kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f arabas\u0131 ok\u00e7ulu\u011fu yaparken \u00e7ekilmi\u015f alt\u0131n varakl\u0131 bir resmi gibi. Ek fig\u00fcratif askeri sanat, onu d\u00fc\u015fmanlara h\u00fckmederken tasvir eder; \u00f6rne\u011fin, d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 \u00e7i\u011fneyen bir <\/a>sfenks<\/a> olarak tasvir eder . Dokuz Yay ayak taburesi<\/a> , bastonlar<\/a> ve d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 tasvir eden sandaletler<\/a> gibi di\u011fer ki\u015fiselle\u015ftirilmi\u015f eserler, M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na ki\u015fisel olarak dahil oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir. [ 75 ]<\/a><\/sup> M\u0131s\u0131rbilimci Bob Brier,<\/a> Tutankhamun’un ilerleyen ya\u015flar\u0131nda aktif olarak kat\u0131lan bir sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 olma e\u011filimini savundu. [ 76 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6te yandan, Tutankhamun’un gen\u00e7li\u011fi ve baston kullanma engeli gibi varsay\u0131lan fiziksel engelleri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, baz\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler onun bu sava\u015flara kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u015f\u00fcpheyle yakla\u015f\u0131yorlar. [ 77 ]<\/a><\/sup> Ancak Biyomedikal M\u0131s\u0131rbilimci Sofia Aziz ve di\u011fer ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar gibi baz\u0131 uzmanlar, Tutankhamun’un fiziksel zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair spek\u00fclasyonlar\u0131n abart\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunarak, mumya hasar\u0131n\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f te\u015fhise yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Bunun yerine, daha kat\u0131, bilimsel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn onun fiziksel olarak aktif ve belki de askeri olarak kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde oldu\u011funu savunuyorlar. [ 78 ]<\/a><\/sup> M\u0131s\u0131rbilimci Charlotte Booth,<\/a> Tutankhamun’un en az iki sava\u015fa (bir Nubiya sava\u015f\u0131 ve bir Asya sava\u015f\u0131) kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor, ancak di\u011fer ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n onun aktif olarak kat\u0131lmak yerine, yaln\u0131zca manevi destek<\/a> i\u00e7in orduya sava\u015f alan\u0131na e\u015flik etmi\u015f olabilece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc belirtiyor . [ 79 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Soya\u011fac\u0131 ve n\u00fcfus yak\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

2020’de yay\u0131nlanan bir genetik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, Tutankhamun’un Bat\u0131 Asya’da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde modern Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n genetik havuzunun %50-60’\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan YDNA <\/a>R1b<\/a> haplogruplar\u0131na ve Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu’da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan mtDNA <\/a>K’ye sahip oldu\u011funu ortaya koydu. Bu Y haplogrupunu babas\u0131 KV55 mumyas\u0131 (Akhenaten) ve b\u00fcy\u00fckbabas\u0131 Amenhotep III ile, mtDNA haplogrubunu ise annesi Gen\u00e7 Han\u0131m, b\u00fcy\u00fckannesi <\/a>Tiye<\/a> ve b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00fcy\u00fckannesi Thuya<\/a> ile payla\u015f\u0131yor . Tutankhamun ve Amenhotep III’\u00fcn profilleri eksikti ve analiz, uyumlu alel sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na ra\u011fmen farkl\u0131 olas\u0131l\u0131k rakamlar\u0131 \u00fcretti. Bu iki mumyan\u0131n KV55 mumyas\u0131yla ili\u015fkileri daha \u00f6nceki bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada do\u011fruland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, her iki mumyan\u0131n haplogrup tahmini KV55 verilerinin tam profilinden t\u00fcretilebildi. [ 80 ] <\/a><\/sup>[ 81 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2022’de SOY Keita, Hawass ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan 2010 ve 2012 y\u0131llar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda ilk olarak yay\u0131nlanan 8 K\u0131sa Tandem lokusu (STR) verisini analiz etti. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan ilki, Tutankhamun ve Amenhotep III’\u00fc de i\u00e7eren Yeni Krall\u0131k’\u0131n 11 kraliyet mumyas\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ailevi ili\u015fkileri ve olas\u0131 kal\u0131tsal bozukluklar\u0131 ve bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klar\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. <\/a>[ 82 ]<\/a><\/sup> Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan ikincisi, Ramses III’\u00fcn ve Deir el Bahari’deki kraliyet hazinesinde onunla birlikte g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fc olan bilinmeyen bir adam\u0131n Y haplogruplar\u0131n\u0131 ve genetik akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. [ 83 ]<\/a><\/sup> Keita, bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan elde edilen STR verilerini yaln\u0131zca \u00fc\u00e7 se\u00e7ene\u011fe sahip bir algoritma kullanarak analiz etti: Avrasyal\u0131lar, Sahra alt\u0131 Afrikal\u0131lar ve Do\u011fu Asyal\u0131lar. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 se\u00e7ene\u011fi kullanarak Keita, \u00f6rneklerin \u00e7o\u011funun bir yak\u0131nl\u0131k analizinde ” Sahra alt\u0131<\/a> Afrikal\u0131larla” bir pop\u00fclasyon yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fu sonucuna vard\u0131. Ancak Keita, bunun kraliyet mumyalar\u0131n\u0131n “ba\u015fka ba\u011flant\u0131lardan yoksun” oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmedi\u011fi konusunda uyard\u0131; tipolojik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede bunlar\u0131n gizlendi\u011fini savundu. Keita ayr\u0131ca, farkl\u0131 “veri ve algoritmalar\u0131n farkl\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar verebilece\u011fini” ve bunun biyolojik miras\u0131n karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ilgili yorumu yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ekledi. [ 84 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sa\u011fl\u0131k<\/h3>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
Tutankhamun’un boyal\u0131, ah\u015fap bir heykelinin giyim mankeni oldu\u011fu \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Tutankhamun’un sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve erken \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle ilgili ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar yo\u011fun bir \u015fekilde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r ve \u00f6zellikle \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle ilgili olarak \u00e7e\u015fitli varsay\u0131lan t\u0131bbi te\u015fhisler hakk\u0131nda kapsaml\u0131 bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Te\u015fhislerin \u00e7o\u011fu, <\/a>Tutankhamun’un mumyas\u0131<\/a> \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalardan , BT taramalar\u0131<\/a> ve genetik testlerden<\/a> , \u00f6rne\u011fin mumyas\u0131n\u0131n 2005 BT taramalar\u0131ndan<\/a> kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r . Tutankhamun’un bir\u00e7ok varsay\u0131lan t\u0131bbi durumundan ikisinin, yani s\u0131tma<\/a> enfeksiyonu ve bacak k\u0131r\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n<\/a> , ya\u015fam\u0131 boyunca ona bula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r . \u00c7e\u015fitli ayak<\/a> hastal\u0131klar\u0131 te\u015fhisleri de \u00f6nerilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle sol \u00e7arp\u0131k ayak te\u015fhisi, <\/a>Tutankhamun’un mezar\u0131nda<\/a> ke\u015ffedilen \u00e7ok say\u0131da bastonun<\/a> amac\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki tart\u0131\u015fmalarla birlikte \u00e7ok\u00e7a tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n konusu olmu\u015ftur . Ayr\u0131ca, daha sonraki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u00f6nerilen baz\u0131 t\u0131bbi te\u015fhisler do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f yanl\u0131\u015f te\u015fhisler<\/a> olarak reddedilmi\u015ftir .<\/a><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u0131bbi sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin incelemelere ek olarak, di\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a> da incelenmi\u015ftir . Tutankhamun’un kafatas\u0131n\u0131n<\/a> BT incelemeleri , di\u011fer antik M\u0131s\u0131r mumyalar\u0131na k\u0131yasla di\u015f yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fckemmel durumda oldu\u011funu ortaya koymu\u015ftur. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6n kesici di\u015fleri<\/a> ve ait oldu\u011fu Tutmos<\/a> hanedan\u0131n\u0131n karakteristik \u00f6zelli\u011fi olan \u00fcst \u00e7ene kapan\u0131\u015f bozuklu\u011fu vard\u0131. <\/a>[<\/a><\/sup> 85 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131tma<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131tma<\/a> , Antik M\u0131s\u0131r’da endemik<\/a> bir hastal\u0131kt\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Nil Deltas\u0131<\/a> , insanlarda s\u0131tma enfeksiyonlar\u0131na neden olan plasmodium falciparum<\/a> parazitini ta\u015f\u0131yan sivrisineklerin<\/a> g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde \u00fcremesi i\u00e7in ideal ekolojik ko\u015fullar sa\u011fl\u0131yordu . [<\/a><\/sup> 86 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> 2023 tarihli bir meta-analiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, <\/a>Antik M\u0131s\u0131r mumyalar\u0131n\u0131n<\/a> %22’sinin s\u0131tma testinin pozitif \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 buldu . [<\/a><\/sup> 87 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> Plasmodium falciparum’a<\/a><\/em> \u00f6zg\u00fc STEVOR, AMA1 veya MSP1 genleri i\u00e7in Tutankhamun \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan genetik testler, Tutankhamun’un mumyas\u0131nda s\u0131tma tropica belirtilerini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. [<\/a><\/sup> 77 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> Ekip, parazitin birka\u00e7 t\u00fcr\u00fcnden DNA ke\u015ffetti ve bu da onun en \u015fiddetli s\u0131tma t\u00fcr\u00fcyle tekrar tekrar enfekte oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. S\u0131tma enfeksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n v\u00fccutta \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl bir ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k tepkisine katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015f veya <\/a>dola\u015f\u0131m \u015fokunu<\/a> tetiklemi\u015f olabilece\u011fi tahmin ediliyor . [<\/a><\/sup> 88 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/em><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bacak k\u0131r\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

2005 BT taramas\u0131 ayr\u0131ca Tutankhamun’un bile\u015fik sol bacak k\u0131r\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a> ge\u00e7irdi\u011fini g\u00f6sterdi . Yaralanman\u0131n modern mumya hasar\u0131n\u0131n sonucu oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki kar\u015f\u0131t g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, k\u0131r\u0131\u011f\u0131n p\u00fcr\u00fczl\u00fc kenarlar\u0131 nedeniyle elendi; bu, keskin kenarlara sahip modern mumya hasar\u0131 kenar desenlerinin aksinedir. Ek olarak, k\u0131r\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7inde mumyalama maddelerinin bulunmas\u0131, yaran\u0131n Tutankhamun’un mumyalanmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce mevcut oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Hi\u00e7bir iyile\u015fme belirtisi yoktu, bu da yaran\u0131n Tutankhamun’un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden \u00e7ok yak\u0131n bir zamanda meydana geldi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir. [ 89 ]<\/a><\/sup> Genel olarak, Tutankhamun’un muhtemelen s\u0131tma enfeksiyonuyla daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fen bacak k\u0131r\u0131\u011f\u0131 komplikasyonlar\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sonucuna varmak makuld\u00fcr. M\u0131s\u0131rbilimci Raymond Johnson, bacak yaralanmas\u0131n\u0131n Tutankhamun’un askeri bir harek\u00e2tta oldu\u011fu sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda meydana gelmi\u015f olabilece\u011fini belirtmi\u015ftir. [ 8 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Podiatrik tan\u0131lar<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Tutankhamun \u00e7e\u015fitli olas\u0131 ayak<\/a> hastal\u0131klar\u0131 te\u015fhisleriyle ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015ftir . 2005 BT taramalar\u0131 sonucunda, hipofalangizmli <\/a>d\u00fcz<\/a> bir sa\u011f aya\u011fa sahip oldu\u011fu , sol aya\u011f\u0131nda ise topuzlu<\/a> ayak ve ikinci ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc metatarsal <\/a>kemik nekrozu<\/a> ( Freiberg hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a> veya K\u00f6hler hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 II<\/a> ) oldu\u011fu tahmin edilmi\u015ftir. [<\/a><\/sup> 90 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> Ancak, topuzlu ayak te\u015fhisi tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. [<\/a><\/sup> 91 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> James Gamble ise bunun yerine, pozisyonun Tutankhamun’un K\u00f6hler hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 II’nin neden oldu\u011fu a\u011fr\u0131 nedeniyle aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f taraf\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcme al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. [<\/a><\/sup> 92 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> Bu hipotez, Hawass’\u0131n ekibinin \u00fcyeleri taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. [<\/a><\/sup> 93 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayak sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131, \u00f6rne\u011fin kul\u00fcp ayak, Tutankhamun’u baston<\/a> kullanarak y\u00fcr\u00fcmeye zorlam\u0131\u015f olabilir . Mezar\u0131nda 130’dan fazla baston bulunmu\u015ftur. [ 24 ]<\/a><\/sup> Baz\u0131 akademisyenler bunu ayak sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131t\u0131 olarak yorumlarlar [ 94 ]<\/a><\/sup> , ancak bu olduk\u00e7a tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bastonlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu t\u0131bbi tipte<\/a> de\u011fildi ve bunun yerine asa gibi moda aksesuar\u0131 <\/a>\u00e7ubuklar\u0131<\/a> veya ofis asas\u0131<\/a> gibi hizmet veren asalard\u0131<\/a> . [<\/a><\/sup> 95 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> Dahas\u0131, klinik yard\u0131mc\u0131 olman\u0131n aksine, bastonlar dini rit\u00fceller ve kamusal g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmler i\u00e7in <\/a>kraliyet<\/a> k\u0131yafeti olarak i\u015flev g\u00f6ren stat\u00fc sembolleriydi . M\u0131s\u0131rbilimci Nick Brown, Tutankhmaun’un bastonlar\u0131n\u0131n “y\u00fcr\u00fcme yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 olarak de\u011fil, y\u00f6netimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda esasen kraliyet <\/a>ni\u015fan\u0131<\/a> olarak hizmet etti\u011fini” ifade etmi\u015ftir . Di\u011fer antik M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n baston kullan\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fkin kay\u0131tlar bununla tutarl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, eski M\u0131s\u0131r nomark\u0131 <\/a>Djehutynakht’\u0131n<\/a> mezar\u0131nda 250’den fazla baston bulunurken [<\/a><\/sup> 96 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> , atletik yetenekleriyle<\/a> bilinen firavun II. Amenhotep’e<\/a> Ken -Amun’un<\/a> mezar\u0131 olan TT93<\/a> mezar\u0131ndaki bir sanat eserinde 30 baston hediye edildi\u011fi tasvir edilmi\u015ftir . [<\/a><\/sup> 97 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bastonlar\u0131n yard\u0131mc\u0131 bastonlar yerine sembolik bir e\u015fya olmas\u0131n\u0131n bir di\u011fer nedeni de bastonlardaki a\u015f\u0131nma desenidir. Hi\u00e7biri, temel yard\u0131mc\u0131lardan beklenen a\u015f\u0131nma d\u00fczeyini g\u00f6stermez. Ayr\u0131ca, Tutankhamun’un sandaletlerindeki a\u015f\u0131nma, varsa, her iki ayakta da e\u015fitti. [ 98 ]<\/a><\/sup> Bu asimetri, Tutankhamun’un hareket kabiliyeti i\u00e7in tek aya\u011f\u0131na daha fazla g\u00fcvenmedi\u011fini ve olas\u0131 podiatrik te\u015fhislere meydan okudu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. [ 99 ]<\/a><\/sup> 2020 civar\u0131nda, Tutankhamun’un Bastonlar\u0131 ve Asalar\u0131 Projesi,<\/em> Tutankhamun’un mezar\u0131ndaki \u00e7e\u015fitli baston objelerini analiz etmeyi ama\u00e7layan uluslararas\u0131 bir bilim insanlar\u0131 ekibi taraf\u0131ndan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00fcr\u00fctmek \u00fczere ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131. Ana ara\u015ft\u0131rma hedeflerinden biri, bastonlardaki kullan\u0131m izlerini ara\u015ft\u0131rmakt\u0131. Sonu\u00e7lar, bastonlarda \u00e7ok az a\u015f\u0131nma oldu\u011funu ve bunun Tutankhamun’un bunlar\u0131 yard\u0131mc\u0131 baston olarak kullanmas\u0131 durumunda beklenebilecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kullan\u0131lmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini ortaya koydu. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar \u015fu sonuca vard\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Bu \u00e7ubuklar destek olarak kullan\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f ve daha \u00e7ok t\u00f6rensel aksesuarlar\/yerlere s\u0131k s\u0131k \u00e7arpmayan nesnelermi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor… Tutankhamun’un mezar\u0131nda bulunan \u00e7ubuklara destek i\u00e7in \u00e7ok fazla yaslanm\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyor… \u00c7ubuklar\u0131n u\u00e7lar\u0131ndaki a\u015f\u0131nman\u0131n olmamas\u0131, kral\u0131n \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclenden daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve daha sa\u011flam yap\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu, y\u00fcr\u00fcme yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 olarak bir sopaya ihtiya\u00e7 duymad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ancak onu daha \u00e7ok \u015f\u0131k bir aksesuar veya kraliyet k\u0131yafetlerinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, t\u0131pk\u0131 di\u011fer firavunlar gibi g\u00f6steriyor. [ 100 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Bu ara\u015ft\u0131rma, sopalar\u0131n kullan\u0131m kapsam\u0131n\u0131 inceleyen \u00f6nceki ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarla tutarl\u0131d\u0131r. Genel olarak, kan\u0131tlar Tutankhamun’un sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir hareket kabiliyetine sahip oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yanl\u0131\u015f te\u015fhisler<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Tutankhamun’un birden fazla spek\u00fclasyona dayal\u0131 t\u0131bbi tan\u0131s\u0131, daha ileri ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n sonucu olarak yanl\u0131\u015f tan\u0131<\/a> olarak reddedildi . Tutankhamun’un sanattaki al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131k tasvirini ve erken \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131klama giri\u015fimlerinde, Tutankhamun’un jinekomasti<\/a> , [ 101 ]<\/a><\/sup> Marfan sendromu<\/a> , sagital kraniyosinostoz<\/a> sendromu, Antley-Bixler sendromu<\/a> veya varyantlar\u0131ndan birine yakaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilmi\u015fti. [ 102 ]<\/a><\/sup> Ancak, daha sonra STR analizi<\/a> yoluyla yap\u0131lan genetik testler, <\/a>jinekomasti<\/a> ve kraniyosinostoz<\/a> (\u00f6rne\u011fin, Antley-Bixler sendromu) veya Marfan sendromu<\/a> hipotezini reddetti . [<\/a><\/sup> 77 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Di\u011fer spek\u00fclasyon tan\u0131lar\u0131<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Ayr\u0131ca, belirli sanat tasvirlerinin ve erken \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn bir a\u00e7\u0131klama giri\u015fimi olarak, Tutankhamun’un Wilson-Turner X ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 zihinsel engellilik<\/a> sendromu, Fr\u00f6hlich sendromu ( adiposogenital distrofi<\/a> ), Klinefelter sendromu<\/a> , [ 103 ]<\/a><\/sup> androjen duyars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sendromu<\/a> veya aromataz fazlal\u0131\u011f\u0131 sendromu <\/a>[ 104 ]<\/a><\/sup> ge\u00e7irmi\u015f olabilece\u011fi varsay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r . Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar ayr\u0131ca 2005 mumya BT taramas\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n Tutankhamun’un k\u0131smen yar\u0131k sert dama\u011fa ve muhtemelen hafif bir <\/a>skolyoz<\/a> vakas\u0131na sahip oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir . [ 105 ] <\/a><\/sup>[ 106 ]<\/a><\/sup> Ayr\u0131ca b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00fcy\u00fckbabas\u0131 Thutmose IV<\/a> ve babas\u0131 Akhenaten’in dindarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve erken \u00f6l\u00fcmlerini a\u00e7\u0131klamak amac\u0131yla temporal lob epilepsisini<\/a> miras ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 da \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr . [<\/a><\/sup> 107 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> Ancak, bu te\u015fhis konusunda dikkatli olunmas\u0131 tavsiye edilmi\u015ftir. [<\/a><\/sup> 108 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fiziksel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm<\/h3>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
Tutankhamun’un mumyalanm\u0131\u015f ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n \u00e7ekimi<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Eski M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle Tutankhamun’un g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve tart\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131 olarak kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [ 109 ]<\/a><\/sup> Tutankhamun zay\u0131f yap\u0131l\u0131 bir kad\u0131nd\u0131, mumyas\u0131n\u0131n boyu yakla\u015f\u0131k 167 cm (5 ft 6 in) olarak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. [ 110 ] <\/a><\/sup>[ 111 ]<\/a><\/sup> Mezar\u0131nda bulunan giysilerin, \u00f6zellikle pe\u015ftamallar\u0131n\u0131n ve kemerlerinin boyutlar\u0131n\u0131n analizi, dar bir bele ve yuvarlak kal\u00e7alara sahip oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. [ 112 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tutankhamun’un y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn bilgisayar ortam\u0131nda yeniden olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok giri\u015fimde bulunuldu ve tam v\u00fccut g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn yeniden olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir giri\u015fimde bulunuldu. Yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar, yay\u0131mland\u0131ktan sonra defalarca tart\u0131\u015fma yaratt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00fcz g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

1983 y\u0131l\u0131nda adli sanat\u00e7\u0131 <\/a>Betty Pat Gatliff<\/a> , adli antropolog <\/a>Clyde Snow<\/a> ile birlikte , Tutankhamun’un kafatas\u0131n\u0131n al\u00e7\u0131 kal\u0131b\u0131ndan y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc geli\u015ftirdi. [ 113 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda, M\u0131s\u0131r Eski Eserler Y\u00fcksek Konseyi<\/a> ve National Geographic<\/a><\/em> taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen ve medyada geni\u015f yer bulan<\/a> bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, kafatas\u0131n\u0131n BT taramalar\u0131n\u0131<\/a> kullanarak bir y\u00fcz g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma ekibi (M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131, Frans\u0131z ve Amerikal\u0131) g\u00f6revlendirdi . M\u0131s\u0131r ve Frans\u0131z ekiplerine deneklerinin Tutankhamun oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenirken, Amerikan ekibine denek kim oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenmedi, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla k\u00f6r\u00fc k\u00f6r\u00fcne \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Sonu\u00e7lar genel olarak benzerdi, ancak yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rma Tutankhamun’un kukla eserlerine benzemiyordu. <\/a>[<\/a><\/sup> 114 <\/a><\/sup>] <\/a><\/sup>[<\/a><\/sup> 115 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> Tasvir, \u00f6zellikle ten rengi nedeniyle tart\u0131\u015fmalara yol a\u00e7t\u0131; ayr\u0131ca ten rengi, Nefertem Ba\u015f\u0131<\/a> eseri veya manken<\/a> eseri gibi Tutankhamun’un boyal\u0131 heykellerine de benzemiyordu. [<\/a><\/sup> 116 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> Y\u0131llar boyunca, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcn\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131k tenli temsili, tasvirin de bulundu\u011fu \u00e7ok say\u0131da Tutankhamun sergisinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da protesto eylemine neden oldu. <\/a>[<\/a><\/sup> 117 <\/a><\/sup>] <\/a><\/sup>[<\/a><\/sup> 118 <\/a><\/sup>] <\/a><\/sup>[<\/a><\/sup> 119 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> National Geographic’in misyon programlar\u0131ndan sorumlu ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Terry Garcia, protestolar \u00fczerine Tutankhamun’un tam ten renginin bilinmedi\u011fini ve orta ten rengini hedeflediklerini ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc. [<\/a><\/sup> 120 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/em><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2007 y\u0131l\u0131nda, sergi protestolar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 \u00fczerine antropolog Nina Jablonski<\/a> , Tutankhamun’un ten renginin nas\u0131l tahmin edilebilece\u011fini \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

“En iyi tahminimiz, ne bembeyaz ne de abanoz siyah\u0131 oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde. Muhtemelen ikisinin aras\u0131nda bir yerdeydi… Mezar duvarlar\u0131ndaki M\u0131s\u0131r kraliyet ailesinin tasvirlerine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, kraliyet ailesinin ten renginin orta tonlarda, a\u00e7\u0131k kahverengi oldu\u011funu<\/a> g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bu, muhtemelen bu insanlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekte sahip oldu\u011fu ten rengine olduk\u00e7a yak\u0131n bir tahmin.” [ 121 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131rbilimci Stuart Tyson Smith<\/a> , 2005 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndaki cilt tonu se\u00e7imini ele\u015ftirerek a\u00e7\u0131k cilt tonunun bir \u00f6nyarg\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6stergesi oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015f ve eski M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n genellikle, \u00f6zellikle daha g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgelerinde, daha koyu cilt tonuna sahip oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [ 122 ]<\/a><\/sup> 2022 y\u0131l\u0131nda biyoarkeolog Andrew Nelson, Tutankhamun’un y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn sanal bir modelini olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in BT taramalar\u0131n\u0131 ve 3B biyolojik g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleme yaz\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 Dragonfly’\u0131 kulland\u0131. Sonu\u00e7, kafatas\u0131 BT taramalar\u0131ndan elde edilen \u00f6nceki rekonstr\u00fcksiyonlardan farkl\u0131yd\u0131. Nelson, kafatas\u0131 anatomisinin projeye rehberlik etti\u011fini ve bunun daha ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir rekonstr\u00fcksiyon sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtti. [ 123 ] <\/a><\/sup>[ 124 ]<\/a><\/sup> Nelson’\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, y\u00fcz rekonstr\u00fcksiyonuna bir cilt tonu bindirmedi. 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, daha fazla BT taramas\u0131<\/a> kullanarak Tutankhamun’un y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn yeni bir versiyonunu geli\u015ftirdiler . [ 125 ] <\/a><\/sup>[ 126 ]<\/a><\/sup> Sonu\u00e7lar, 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen BT taramas\u0131 rekonstr\u00fcksiyonunun sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde benziyordu. [ 127 ]<\/a><\/sup> Cilt tonu da 2005 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda se\u00e7ilen cilt tonuna benziyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tutankhamun’un Afro-merkezci olarak<\/a> de\u011ferlendirilen tasvirleri defalarca protesto ve gerilime yol a\u00e7t\u0131. 2023’te Hollanda’n\u0131n Leiden<\/a> kentindeki Hollanda Ulusal Antika M\u00fczesi’nde<\/a> ” Kemet: Hip-Hop, Caz, Soul ve Funk’ta M\u0131s\u0131r”<\/em> ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir sergide rap\u00e7i Nas’\u0131n (1999) I Am…<\/a><\/em> alb\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn kapa\u011f\u0131nda Nas’\u0131n Tutankhamun Maskesi’ndeki y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir heykel tasvir edildi. [<\/a><\/sup> 128 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 antika uzman\u0131 Abd al-Rahim Rihan, sergi y\u00f6neticilerini siyah y\u00fcz hatlar\u0131na sahip Tutankhamun maskesini sergileyerek Afro-merkezci sahte tarihi te\u015fvik etmekle su\u00e7lad\u0131 ve dolayl\u0131 olarak <\/a>siyah M\u0131s\u0131r hipotezini<\/a> savundu . [<\/a><\/sup> 129 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> Benzer \u015fekilde M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 parlamento \u00fcyesi Ahmed Belal, sergi y\u00f6neticilerini “M\u0131s\u0131r kimli\u011fini \u00e7arp\u0131tmak” ve “M\u0131s\u0131r miras\u0131na ve medeniyetine sald\u0131rmakla” su\u00e7lad\u0131. [<\/a><\/sup> 130 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> Sergi y\u00f6neticileri su\u00e7lamalar\u0131 reddederek serginin antik M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n \u0131rk\u0131 konusunda tarafs\u0131z bir pozisyon ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtti. Serginin k\u00fcrat\u00f6r\u00fc ve kendisi de yar\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 olan Daniel Soliman, baz\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n firavun miras\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 bir sahiplik hissetti\u011fini, Afrika diasporas\u0131n\u0131n antik M\u0131s\u0131r’a dair sanatsal tasavvurunun ise g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edildi\u011fini belirtti. [<\/a><\/sup> 131 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> M\u00fcze m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Wim Weijland, serginin antik M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131 \u0131rksal olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmakla ilgili olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, sanatla ilgili oldu\u011funu belirtti. [<\/a><\/sup> 132 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/em><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 gazeteci Shahira Amin<\/a> , 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda “M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 de\u011fil. Bat\u0131’n\u0131n kadim tarihlerini sahiplenmesinden b\u0131km\u0131\u015f durumdalar”<\/em> ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir makalede , “bir\u00e7ok M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131n\u0131n Afrikal\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kendilerini Orta Do\u011fu ile ili\u015fkilendirmeyi ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve Arap olarak tan\u0131mlamay\u0131 tercih etti\u011fini” yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [ 133 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcm v\u00fccut rekonstr\u00fcksiyonu<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Dallas Campbell<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan sunulan 2014 tarihli BBC <\/a>belgeseli<\/a> Tutankhamun : The Truth Uncovered<\/em> , Tutankhamun’un v\u00fccudunun bilgisayarl\u0131 adli rekonstr\u00fcksiyonunun sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koydu; bu rekonstr\u00fcksiyonda Tutankhamun’un mumyas\u0131n\u0131n 2.000 BT taramas\u0131 kullan\u0131larak v\u00fccudunun bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fc olu\u015fturuldu. [<\/a><\/sup> 134 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> Elde edilen g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcde Tutankhamun i\u00e7 \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131rlar\u0131yla , <\/a>kul\u00fcp ayak<\/a> , \u00fcst \u00e7enenin alt \u00e7eneye g\u00f6re<\/a> \u00f6nde olmas\u0131 , jinekomastili <\/a>g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs<\/a> ve di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr fiziksel bozuklukla<\/a> fiziksel olarak zay\u0131f bir \u015fekilde tasvir edildi . [<\/a><\/sup> 135 <\/a><\/sup>] <\/a><\/sup>[<\/a><\/sup> 136 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> Rekonstr\u00fcksiyon tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131yd\u0131 ve zevksiz olarak nitelendirildi . <\/a>The Guardian’dan<\/a><\/em> Jonathan Jones, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerin “korkun\u00e7 bir ucube g\u00f6sterisi<\/a> ” ve “kaba ve baya\u011f\u0131 bilgi-e\u011flence<\/a> ” oldu\u011funu ifade etti . [<\/a><\/sup> 137 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> M\u0131s\u0131rbilimci Zahi Hawass, Tutankhamun’un v\u00fccudunun sanal rekonstr\u00fcksiyonunun bilimsel olarak temelsiz oldu\u011funu ele\u015ftirdi. [<\/a><\/sup> 138 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> Engellilik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131<\/a> uzmanlar\u0131, Tutankhamun’un yeniden in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftirmi\u015f ve bunlar\u0131n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011funu ve “s\u00f6z konusu engellerin fiziksel \u00f6zelliklerini abartmak i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, bunun yerine herhangi bir bilimsel de\u011fer, hatta bu tarihi fig\u00fcr\u00fcn bir erkek oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde herhangi bir insanl\u0131k veya kabul sunmaktan uzak oldu\u011funu” belirtmi\u015flerdir. [<\/a><\/sup> 139 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/em><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/em><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6l\u00fcm<\/h2>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
Tutankhamun’un mezar odas\u0131n\u0131n kuzey duvar\u0131ndan sahneler. Sol tarafta, Tutankhamun, ka’s\u0131 (<\/a><\/em> ruhunun bir y\u00f6n\u00fc) e\u015fli\u011finde, \u00f6l\u00fclerin tanr\u0131s\u0131 Osiris’i<\/a> kucakl\u0131yor . Ortada, Tutankhamun tanr\u0131\u00e7a Nut’u<\/a> selaml\u0131yor . Sa\u011f tarafta, Ay<\/a> , Tutankhamun’un a\u011fz\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131yor. [ 140 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Tutankhamun’un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ko\u015fullar\u0131na dair g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan hi\u00e7bir kay\u0131t bulunmamaktad\u0131r; bu konu \u00f6nemli tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ve \u00f6nemli ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n konusu olmu\u015ftur. [ 141 ]<\/a><\/sup> Hawass ve ekibi, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn muhtemelen birden fazla zay\u0131flat\u0131c\u0131 rahats\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, muhtemelen bir d\u00fc\u015fme sonucu olu\u015fan bacak k\u0131r\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve ciddi bir s\u0131tma enfeksiyonunun birle\u015fimi sonucu meydana geldi\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrmektedir. [ 142 ]<\/a><\/sup> Ancak Timmann ve Meyer, orak h\u00fccreli aneminin<\/a> kral\u0131n sergiledi\u011fi patolojilere daha uygun oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir . [ 143 ]<\/a><\/sup> M\u0131s\u0131r ekibi bu \u00f6neriyi “ilgin\u00e7 ve makul” olarak nitelendirmi\u015ftir. [ 144 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kafaya darbe sonucu cinayet, kafatas\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde iki kemik par\u00e7as\u0131 g\u00f6steren 1968 r\u00f6ntgeninin bir sonucu olarak hipotezlendi. [ 145 ]<\/a><\/sup> Bu hipotez daha sonra r\u00f6ntgenlerin ve BT taramas\u0131n\u0131n daha ileri analizleriyle \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc . Kafatas\u0131 aras\u0131 kemik par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n, gev\u015fek olduklar\u0131 ve mumyalama re\u00e7inesine yap\u0131\u015fmad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in mumyan\u0131n modern bir \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n sonucu oldu\u011fu belirlendi. [ 146 ]<\/a><\/sup> Kafaya \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl bir darbeye i\u015faret edebilecek kemik incelmesi veya kire\u00e7lenmi\u015f zarlara dair hi\u00e7bir kan\u0131t bulunamad\u0131. [ 147 ]<\/a><\/sup> Ayr\u0131ca gen\u00e7 kral\u0131n, g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs duvar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n ve kaburgalar\u0131n\u0131n eksik olmas\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere, bir dizi ezilme yaralanmas\u0131 nedeniyle bir sava\u015f arabas\u0131 kazas\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. [ 148 ] <\/a><\/sup>[ 149 ]<\/a><\/sup> Ancak, eksik kaburgalar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm an\u0131nda meydana gelen bir yaralanman\u0131n sonucu olmas\u0131 olas\u0131 de\u011fildir; Carter’\u0131n 1926’daki kaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n sonunda \u00e7ekilen foto\u011fraflar, kral\u0131n g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs duvar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flam oldu\u011funu ve \u015fahin ba\u015fl\u0131 u\u00e7lar\u0131 olan boncuklu bir yakay\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 takt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Hem yakan\u0131n hem de g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs duvar\u0131n\u0131n yoklu\u011fu 1968 r\u00f6ntgeninde [ 150 ] kaydedilmi\u015f<\/a><\/sup> ve BT taramas\u0131yla daha da do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [ 106 ]<\/a><\/sup> Boncuklu yakan\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131nmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00f6\u011fs\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6n k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131rs\u0131zlar taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 muhtemeldir; [ 151 ]<\/a><\/sup> Kral\u0131n 1926’da takt\u0131\u011f\u0131 resmedilen karma\u015f\u0131k boncuklu takke de 1968’de kaybolmu\u015ftur. [ 152 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tutankhamun’un k\u00f6t\u00fc bir oyun<\/a> sonucu \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f olma ihtimali olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksektir . [ 153 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Veraset<\/h2>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
Tutankhamun’un rit\u00fcel Sekhem asas\u0131<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Tutankhamun’un iki \u00e7ocu\u011fu ya \u00f6l\u00fc do\u011fmu\u015f ya da do\u011fumdan sonra uzun s\u00fcre ya\u015famam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fundan ve Tutankhamun muhtemelen kraliyet ailesinin son erkek karde\u015fi oldu\u011fundan, tahta \u00e7\u0131kacak bir varis<\/a> yoktu . Horemheb’in mezar\u0131ndaki kay\u0131tlar, Tutankhamun’un onu Iry-pat<\/a> (veliaht aday\u0131) olarak “\u00fclkenin efendisi” olarak atad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor; bu, esasen kanunu korumak i\u00e7in atanm\u0131\u015f kal\u0131tsal prens<\/a> anlam\u0131na geliyor . Ancak baz\u0131lar\u0131, Krali\u00e7e Ankhesenamun’un akrabal\u0131k ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bir kocaya devredebilece\u011fini, ancak kraliyet krali\u00e7esi stat\u00fcs\u00fcnden daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck stat\u00fcde biriyle evlenmeyi tercih etmeyece\u011fini savundu. Horemheb, k\u00f6yl\u00fc k\u00f6kenli bir askerdi ve askeri ba\u015fkomutan olarak teknik olarak Krali\u00e7e Ankhesenamun’un hizmetkar\u0131yd\u0131. Vezir Ay<\/a> , kraliyet soyundan gelse de, yerle\u015fik bir vezirdi ve teknik olarak Krali\u00e7e Ankhesenamun’un hizmetkar\u0131yd\u0131. Ankhesenamun’un varsay\u0131lan e\u015f tercihleri, baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n Kral Tutankhamun’un taht varisi olma konusundaki tercihinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesinde bir dizi aksakl\u0131\u011fa yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olabilir. [ 154 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vezir Ay’\u0131n saltanat\u0131<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

E\u015f ikilemini \u00e7\u00f6zmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Ankhesenamun, istemeden Hitit kral\u0131 \u015euppiluliuma I<\/a> ve o\u011flu prens Zannanza’y\u0131 i\u00e7eren <\/a>ve Zannanza meselesi<\/a> olarak bilinen bir ikilem yaratm\u0131\u015f olabilir ; ancak Ankhesenamun’un s\u00f6z konusu M\u0131s\u0131r krali\u00e7esi olarak kimli\u011fi kesin de\u011fildir. Bu arada, Tutankhamun’un veziri, Tutankhamun’un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ortas\u0131nda taht\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek, Horemheb’in veliahtl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 engellemek ve Hititlerin bilmedi\u011fi bir \u015fekilde, muhtemelen bu Hitit-M\u0131s\u0131r m\u00fczakere d\u00f6neminin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda Ankhesenamun ile evlenmek i\u00e7in manevra yapm\u0131\u015f olabilir. Ay’\u0131n, halef firavun i\u00e7in geleneksel olan Tutankhamun’un cenazesine ba\u015fkanl\u0131k ederken tasvir edilmesi ve Horemheb’in Tutankhamun’un cenazesinde bulunmamas\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fi bununla \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmektedir. [ 155 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Firavun Ay’\u0131n saltanat\u0131 k\u0131sa s\u00fcrd\u00fc ve \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, tahtta kraliyet soyundan bir varis b\u0131rakmadan bir bo\u015fluk b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Ay’\u0131n Krali\u00e7e Ankhesenamun’dan \u00e7ocu\u011fu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131l\u0131yor. Ay’\u0131n saltanat\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru Ay, o\u011flu askeri general <\/a>Nakhtmin’i<\/a> taht\u0131n halefi olarak atad\u0131. Ancak Nakhtmin, firavun olamadan \u00f6ld\u00fc. [ 156 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Horemheb Iry-pat yerine getirilmesi<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Horemheb, Ay’\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra firavun olarak tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Firavun olarak Horemheb, Tutankhamun’un daha \u00f6nce \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti\u011fi geleneksel antik M\u0131s\u0131r dininin restorasyonunun tamamlanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve ulusun yeniden istikrara kavu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. \u00d6zellikle, her yeni M\u0131s\u0131r firavununun uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 standart damnatio memoriae<\/a> s\u00fcreci s\u0131ras\u0131nda Horemheb, Ay’\u0131n mezar\u0131n\u0131 tahrip etti, ancak Tutankhamun’un mezar\u0131na, muhtemelen sayg\u0131dan dolay\u0131, dokunmad\u0131. [ 157 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zaman\u0131 gelince, Horemheb o zamanki sivil askeri subay Ramesses I’i<\/a> taht\u0131n varisi olarak se\u00e7ti . Ramesses I’in torunu Ramesses II<\/a> , Ramesside hanedan\u0131n\u0131 kuracak ve antik M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck firavunu olacakt\u0131. [ 157 ]<\/a><\/sup> Bu, Tutankhamun’un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle sona eren kraliyet soyunun yerini alan yeni bir kraliyet soyunun ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mezar<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Tutankhamun’un Mezar\u0131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
KV62’nin mezar odas\u0131ndaki duvar s\u00fcslemeleri , Krallar Vadisi’nde<\/a> bulunan di\u011fer kraliyet mezarlar\u0131yla<\/a> kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda m\u00fctevaz\u0131d\u0131r<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Tutankhamun, stat\u00fcs\u00fcne g\u00f6re al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131k derecede k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir mezara g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc. \u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc, daha g\u00f6rkemli bir kraliyet mezar\u0131n\u0131n tamamlanmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce beklenmedik bir \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olabilir ve bu da mumyas\u0131n\u0131n<\/a> ba\u015fkas\u0131 i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015f bir mezara g\u00f6m\u00fclmesine neden olmu\u015ftur. Bu, \u00f6l\u00fcm ile defin aras\u0131ndaki geleneksel 70 g\u00fcnl\u00fck s\u00fcrenin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. [ 158 ]<\/a><\/sup> Mezar\u0131 antik \u00e7a\u011fda en az iki kez soyulmu\u015ftur, ancak \u00e7al\u0131nan e\u015fyalara (\u00e7abuk bozulan ya\u011flar ve parf\u00fcmler dahil) ve sald\u0131r\u0131lardan sonra mezar\u0131n restore edildi\u011fine dair kan\u0131tlara dayanarak, bu soygunlar\u0131n muhtemelen ilk defin i\u015fleminden itibaren birka\u00e7 ay i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Mezar\u0131n yeri, sonraki mezarlardan kalan molozlar\u0131n alt\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kaybolmu\u015f ve mezar giri\u015finin \u00fczerine i\u015f\u00e7i evleri in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. [ 159 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeniden ke\u015fif<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tutankhamun’un mezar\u0131n\u0131n ke\u015ffi<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
George Herbert, 5. Carnarvon Kontu<\/a> , 1921<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Krallar Vadisi’ni kazma imtiyaz\u0131 1905’ten 1914’e kadar Theodore Davis’e aitti. Bu s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda, <\/a>Krali\u00e7e Tiye’nin<\/a> ebeveynleri Yuya<\/a> ve Thuya’n\u0131n<\/a> neredeyse sa\u011flam ama kraliyet ailesine ait olmayan mezar\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere on mezar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131 . Sonraki y\u0131llarda orada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam ederken, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6neme sahip hi\u00e7bir \u015fey ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmad\u0131. [ 160 ]<\/a><\/sup> Davis, KV58’de<\/a> Tutankhamun’a at\u0131fta bulunan birka\u00e7 nesne buldu ; bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan d\u00fc\u011fmeler ve kulplar da vard\u0131; en \u00f6nemlisi de kral\u0131n mumyalama deposu ( KV54<\/a> ). Bunun firavunun kay\u0131p mezar\u0131 oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yordu ve bulgular\u0131n\u0131 \u015fu sat\u0131rla yay\u0131nlad\u0131; “Mezarlar Vadisi’nin t\u00fckendi\u011finden korkuyorum”. [ 161 ] <\/a><\/sup>[ 162 ]<\/a><\/sup> 1907’de Howard Carter , William Garstin ve <\/a>Gaston Maspero<\/a> taraf\u0131ndan Vadi’de 5. Carnarvon Kontu George Herbert<\/a> i\u00e7in kaz\u0131 yapmaya davet edildi . Carnarvon Kontu ve Carter, Davis’in imtiyaz\u0131 b\u0131rakmas\u0131 \u00fczerine bunun kendilerinin imtiyaz\u0131 elde etmelerine yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ummu\u015flard\u0131 ancak yedi y\u0131l daha Theban Nekropol\u00fc’n\u00fcn farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde kaz\u0131 yapmakla yetinmek zorunda kald\u0131lar. <\/a>[ 163 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1915’te ba\u015flayan sistematik bir araman\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Carter, Kas\u0131m 1922’de Tutankhamun’un ger\u00e7ek mezar\u0131n\u0131 (KV62) ke\u015ffetti. [ 164 ]<\/a><\/sup> Eski bir \u015fans eseri mezar\u0131n modern zamanlara kadar varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Mezar\u0131n giri\u015fi, Tutankhamun’un g\u00f6m\u00fclmesinden 150 y\u0131l sonra KV9’un<\/a> kesilmesinden kalan moloz y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ; ayn\u0131 zamanda bu alana eski i\u015f\u00e7i kul\u00fcbeleri de in\u015fa edilmi\u015fti. [ 165 ] <\/a><\/sup>[ 166 ]<\/a><\/sup> Bu alan, KV9’a yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle 1922’ye kadar kaz\u0131lmadan kald\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kaz\u0131lar turistlerin bu mezara eri\u015fimini engelleyecekti. [ 167 ]<\/a><\/sup> Carter, kaz\u0131lara turist sezonunun en yo\u011fun d\u00f6neminden \u00f6nce, Kas\u0131m 1922’nin ba\u015flar\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131. [ 168 ]<\/a><\/sup> Mezar\u0131n giri\u015f merdiveninin ilk basama\u011f\u0131 4 Kas\u0131m 1922’de ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Carter’\u0131n anlat\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re, i\u015f\u00e7iler kul\u00fcbelerin kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 kazarken basama\u011f\u0131 ke\u015ffettiler; Di\u011fer kaynaklar, ke\u015ffin belirlenen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma alan\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kaz\u0131 yapan Hussein Abdul Rasoul (Su \u00e7ocu\u011fu) adl\u0131 bir \u00e7ocu\u011fa atfedildi\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. <\/a>[ 169 ] <\/a><\/sup>[ l ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eubat 1923’e gelindi\u011finde, \u00f6n oda iki n\u00f6bet\u00e7i heykeli d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda her \u015feyden ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Mezar\u0131n m\u00fch\u00fcrlenmesi i\u00e7in Lord Carnarvon, birka\u00e7 M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 yetkili, m\u00fcze temsilcileri ve H\u00fck\u00fcmet Bas\u0131n B\u00fcrosu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n\u0131n da aralar\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu yakla\u015f\u0131k yirmi yetkili \u015fahidin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla bir g\u00fcn ve saat belirlendi. 17 \u015eubat 1923’te, saat ikiden hemen sonra m\u00fch\u00fcr k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. [ 173 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rex Engelbach<\/a> ve Alan Gardiner<\/a> aras\u0131ndaki yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n 2022’de yay\u0131nlanan mektuplar\u0131 , Howard Carter’\u0131n mezar resmen a\u00e7\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce mezardan e\u015fyalar \u00e7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyuyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Rex Engelbach, Gardiner’a Carter taraf\u0131ndan hediye edilen bir “whm muskas\u0131” hakk\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir mektupta, “Bana g\u00f6sterdi\u011finiz whm muskas\u0131n\u0131n Tutankhamun’un mezar\u0131ndan \u00e7al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015f\u00fcphesizdir.” demi\u015fti. [ 174 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ana madde: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tutankhamun Maskesi<\/a>Ayr\u0131ca bak\u0131n\u0131z: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tutankhamun’un mumyas\u0131<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
Kanopik sand\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bir al\u00e7\u0131 t\u0131pa<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Tutankhamun’un mezar\u0131, Krallar Vadisi’nde neredeyse sa\u011flam durumda bulunan tek kraliyet mezar\u0131d\u0131r. [ 175 ]<\/a><\/sup> Mezarda, som alt\u0131n tabut, y\u00fcz maskesi<\/a> , tahtlar, ok yaylar\u0131, trompetler<\/a> , bir lotus kadehi<\/a> , iki Imiut feti\u015fi<\/a> , alt\u0131n ayak parmaklar\u0131 tezgahlar\u0131<\/a> , mobilya, yiyecek, \u015farap, sandaletler ve temiz keten i\u00e7 \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131rlar\u0131 dahil olmak \u00fczere 5.398 e\u015fya bulundu. Howard Carter, e\u015fyalar\u0131 kataloglamak i\u00e7in 10 y\u0131l harcad\u0131. [ 176 ]<\/a><\/sup> Son analizler, mezardan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bir han\u00e7erin bir <\/a>meteoritten<\/a> yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f demir bir b\u0131\u00e7a\u011fa sahip oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor ; Tutankhamun’un mezar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan di\u011fer eserler de dahil olmak \u00fczere o d\u00f6neme ait eserlerin incelenmesi, o d\u00f6nemde Akdeniz \u00e7evresindeki metal i\u015fleme teknolojilerine dair de\u011ferli bilgiler sa\u011flayabilir. [ 177 ] <\/a><\/sup>[ 178 ]<\/a><\/sup> Mezardan \u00e7\u0131kan demir eserlerin (zengin bir \u015fekilde dekore edilmi\u015f alt\u0131n bir han\u00e7erin b\u0131\u00e7a\u011f\u0131, ah\u015fap saplara oturtulmu\u015f k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck demir keski b\u0131\u00e7aklar\u0131, bir Horus G\u00f6z\u00fc muskas\u0131 ve minyat\u00fcr bir ba\u015f deste\u011finin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra) kapsaml\u0131 bir incelemesi, hepsinin benzer malzemeden yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi. [ 179 ]<\/a><\/sup> Sadece 2022’de, Tutankhamun’un maskesinin karma\u015f\u0131k bir teknolojik ve malzeme incelemesi yay\u0131nland\u0131. [ 180 ]<\/a><\/sup> Tutankhamun’un mezar e\u015fyalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, muhtemelen Smenkhkare veya Neferneferuaten veya her ikisi i\u00e7in yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan \u00f6nceki sahiplerinden sonra onun kullan\u0131m\u0131na uyarlanm\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. [ 181 ] <\/a><\/sup>[ 182 ] <\/a><\/sup>[ 183 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Carter’\u0131n ke\u015ffinden tam 85 y\u0131l sonra, 4 Kas\u0131m 2007’de, Tutankhamun’un mumyas\u0131, ketene sar\u0131l\u0131 mumyan\u0131n alt\u0131n lahitinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131p iklim kontroll\u00fc bir cam kutuya konulmas\u0131yla Luksor’daki yeralt\u0131 mezar\u0131nda sergilenmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Kutu, mezar\u0131 ziyaret eden turistlerin nem ve s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kaynaklanan artan bozulma oran\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/a>[ 184 ]<\/a><\/sup> 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda mezar, Eski Eserler Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a> ve Getty Koruma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan restorasyon i\u00e7in kapat\u0131ld\u0131 . Nemden etkilenen duvarlar\u0131n onar\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131na kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 planlanm\u0131\u015f olsa da, 2011 M\u0131s\u0131r devrimi<\/a> projeyi aksatt\u0131. Mezar, \u015eubat 2019’da yeniden a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. [ 185 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00f6ylentilere g\u00f6re lanet<\/h3>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
Howard Carter,<\/a> Tutankhamun’un en i\u00e7teki tabutunu inceliyor, 1925<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Uzun y\u0131llar boyunca, ” firavunlar\u0131n laneti<\/a> ” s\u00f6ylentileri (muhtemelen ke\u015fif s\u0131ras\u0131nda sat\u0131\u015f arayan gazetelerin k\u00f6r\u00fckledi\u011fi s\u00f6ylentiler [ 186 ]<\/a><\/sup> ) varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc ve mezara giren baz\u0131 ki\u015filerin erken \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc vurgulad\u0131. Bunlar\u0131n en \u00f6nemlisi , 4 Kas\u0131m 1922’de mezara inen ilk basama\u011f\u0131n ke\u015ffinden be\u015f ay sonra, 5 Nisan 1923’te \u00f6len 5. Carnarvon Kontu George Herbert’ti. <\/a>[ 187 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Carnarvon’un \u00f6l\u00fcm nedeni, [y\u00fcz] erizipelinin (cilt ve alt\u0131ndaki yumu\u015fak dokular\u0131n streptokok enfeksiyonu) ard\u0131ndan gelen zat\u00fcrreydi. [ 188 ]<\/a><\/sup> Kont, 1901’de ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi bir trafik kazas\u0131 sonucu \u00e7ok sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131z ve g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Doktoru daha s\u0131cak bir iklim \u00f6nerdi, bu y\u00fczden Carnarvonlar 1903’te M\u0131s\u0131r’a gittiler ve Kont M\u0131s\u0131rbilimle ilgilenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. [ 187 ]<\/a><\/sup> Kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n stresiyle birlikte Carnarvon, bir enfeksiyonun zat\u00fcrreye yol a\u00e7mas\u0131yla zaten zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015f bir durumdayd\u0131. [ 189 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, mezar ve lahit<\/a> a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda orada bulunan 58 ki\u015fiden yaln\u0131zca sekizinin on iki y\u0131l i\u00e7inde \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6sterdi; [ 190 ]<\/a><\/sup> Howard Carter, 1939’da 64 ya\u015f\u0131nda lenfomadan \u00f6ld\u00fc. <\/a>[ 191 ]<\/a><\/sup> Son hayatta kalanlar aras\u0131nda , Kas\u0131m 1922’de ke\u015ffedildikten sonra mezara giren ilk ki\u015filer aras\u0131nda yer alan ve 57 y\u0131l daha ya\u015fay\u0131p 1980’de \u00f6len Lord Carnarvon’un k\u0131z\u0131 <\/a>Lady Evelyn Herbert<\/a> [ 192<\/a><\/sup> ] <\/a><\/sup>ve<\/a><\/sup> olaydan 39 y\u0131l sonra 1961’de \u00f6len Amerikal\u0131 arkeolog JO Kinnaman <\/a>[<\/a><\/sup> 193 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> vard\u0131.<\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Miras<\/h2>\n\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/a>
Ya\u015fam\u0131n<\/a><\/em> “M\u0131s\u0131r Say\u0131s\u0131” , 19 Nisan 1923<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Tutankhamun’un \u015f\u00f6hreti, esas olarak iyi korunmu\u015f mezar\u0131 ve onunla ili\u015fkili eserlerin d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda sergilenmesinden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Jon Manchip White’\u0131n , Carter’\u0131n <\/a>Tutankhamun’un Mezar\u0131n\u0131n Ke\u015ffi kitab\u0131n\u0131n<\/em> 1977 bask\u0131s\u0131na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ns\u00f6zde yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi , “Hayat\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n en az sayg\u0131 duyulan firavunlar\u0131ndan biri olan firavun, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde en \u00fcnl\u00fc firavun oldu”. [ 194 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mezardaki ke\u015fifler 1920’lerde \u00f6nemli haberlerdi. Tutankhamun, modern bir yeni s\u00f6zc\u00fck olan “King Tut” olarak an\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. <\/a>Tin Pan Alley<\/a> \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere Antik M\u0131s\u0131r g\u00f6ndermeleri pop\u00fcler k\u00fclt\u00fcrde yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131 ; bunlar\u0131n en pop\u00fcleri, Harry Von Tilzer’in<\/a> 1923 tarihli “Old King Tut” [ 195 ] <\/a><\/sup>[ 196 ]<\/a><\/sup> adl\u0131 \u015fark\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131 ve bu \u015fark\u0131 d\u00f6nemin Jones & Hare <\/a>[ 197 ]<\/a><\/sup> ve Sophie Tucker<\/a> gibi \u00f6nde gelen sanat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kaydedildi . [ 195 ]<\/a><\/sup> “King Tut”, \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin, i\u015fletmelerin ve ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Herbert Hoover’\u0131n <\/a>evcil k\u00f6pe\u011finin<\/a> ad\u0131 oldu . [<\/a><\/sup> 198 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> Tutankhamun Hazineleri<\/a> sergisi 1978’de Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’ni gezerken, komedyen Steve Martin ” <\/a>King Tut<\/a> ” adl\u0131 yenilik\u00e7i bir \u015fark\u0131 yazd\u0131 . \u0130lk olarak Saturday Night Live’da<\/a><\/em> seslendirilen \u015fark\u0131 single olarak yay\u0131nland\u0131 ve bir milyondan fazla satt\u0131. [<\/a><\/sup> 199 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> 2023 y\u0131l\u0131nda, M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n Eosen<\/a> yataklar\u0131nda ke\u015ffedilen soyu t\u00fckenmi\u015f bir balinaya, tip \u00f6rne\u011finin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boyutu ve olgunla\u015fmam\u0131\u015f ya\u015f\u0131 nedeniyle Tutankhamun’dan sonra Tutcetus ad\u0131 verildi. <\/a><\/em>[<\/a><\/sup> 200 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/em><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/em><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uluslararas\u0131 sergiler<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Daha fazla bilgi: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tutankhamun’un mezar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan eserlerin sergilenmesi<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
San Francisco’daki MH de Young An\u0131t M\u00fczesi, 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda Tutankhamun eserlerinden olu\u015fan bir sergiye ev sahipli\u011fi yapt\u0131 [ 201 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Tutankhamun’un eserleri, e\u015fi benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir<\/a> ziyaret\u00e7i ak\u0131n\u0131na u\u011frayarak d\u00fcnyay\u0131 dola\u015ft\u0131. [ 202 ]<\/a><\/sup> Sergiler, Cezayir’in<\/a> Fransa’dan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131<\/a> kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 1962 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131 . Bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n sona ermesiyle Paris’teki Louvre M\u00fczesi , <\/a>Christiane Desroches Noblecourt<\/a> arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Tutankhamun’un hazinelerinin sergilenmesini h\u0131zla ayarlayabildi . Frans\u0131z M\u0131s\u0131rbilimci, UNESCO’nun<\/a> bir atamas\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda zaten M\u0131s\u0131r’dayd\u0131 . Frans\u0131z sergisi 1,2 milyon ziyaret\u00e7i \u00e7ekti. Noblecourt ayr\u0131ca M\u0131s\u0131r K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakan\u0131’n\u0131, \u0130ngiliz foto\u011fraf\u00e7\u0131 George Rainbird’\u00fcn<\/a> koleksiyonu renkli olarak yeniden foto\u011fraflamas\u0131na izin vermeye ikna etmi\u015fti . Yeni renkli foto\u011fraflar ve Louvre sergisi, Tutankhamun’un yeniden canlanmas\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. [<\/a><\/sup> 203 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/a>
Tutankhamun’un g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs kemi\u011fi<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

1965’te Tutankhamun sergisi Japonya’n\u0131n Tokyo<\/a> kentindeki Tokyo Ulusal M\u00fczesi’ne<\/a> ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131 (21 A\u011fustos-10 Ekim) [<\/a><\/sup> 204 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> ve burada 1979’daki New York sergisinden daha fazla ziyaret\u00e7i \u00e7ekti. Sergi daha sonra yakla\u015f\u0131k 1,75 milyon ziyaret\u00e7iyle Kyoto’daki Kyoto Belediye Sanat M\u00fczesi’ne<\/a> (15 Ekim-28 Kas\u0131m) [<\/a><\/sup> 204 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> ve ard\u0131ndan Fukuoka’daki Fukuoka Valili\u011fi K\u00fclt\u00fcr Salonu’na<\/a> (3 Aral\u0131k-26 Aral\u0131k) ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. [<\/a><\/sup> 204 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> Gi\u015fe<\/a> rekorlar\u0131 k\u0131ran bu ilgi \u00e7ekici etkinlik, sonraki 60 y\u0131l boyunca Tutankhamun hazinelerinin di\u011fer t\u00fcm sergilerini geride b\u0131rakt\u0131. [<\/a><\/sup> 202 <\/a><\/sup>] <\/a><\/sup>[<\/a><\/sup> 205 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> Tutankhamun Hazineleri<\/a><\/em> turu 1972’den 1979’a kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu sergi ilk olarak 30 Mart’tan 30 Eyl\u00fcl 1972’ye kadar Londra’daki British Museum’da<\/a> g\u00f6sterildi . Sergiyi 1,6 milyondan fazla ziyaret\u00e7i g\u00f6rd\u00fc. [<\/a><\/sup> 202 <\/a><\/sup>] <\/a><\/sup>[<\/a><\/sup> 206 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> Sergi, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, Japonya, Fransa, Kanada ve Bat\u0131 Almanya dahil olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok ba\u015fka \u00fclkeye ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. Metropolitan Sanat M\u00fczesi<\/a> , 17 Kas\u0131m 1976’dan 15 Nisan 1979’a kadar s\u00fcren ABD sergisini d\u00fczenledi. Sekiz milyondan fazla ki\u015fi kat\u0131ld\u0131. [<\/a><\/sup> 207 <\/a><\/sup>] <\/a><\/sup>[<\/a><\/sup> 208 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup> Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’ndeki g\u00f6sterim, Henry Kissinger’\u0131n<\/a> Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n bir m\u00fcttefik olarak de\u011ferine daha fazla ikna etmek i\u00e7in ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 diplomatik \u00e7aban\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131. \u0130lk olarak Washington DC’ye, ard\u0131ndan Chicago, New Orleans, Los Angeles ve Seattle’a gitti ve New York’ta sona erdi. [<\/a><\/sup> 209 <\/a><\/sup>]<\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/em><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
Tutankhamun’un Muskalar\u0131 ve Bilezikleri<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a>
Tutankhamun Bilezi\u011fi<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131r Eski Eserler Y\u00fcksek Konseyi, Arts and Exhibitions International ve National Geographic Society ile ortakla\u015fa, Tutankhamun hazineleri ve di\u011fer 18. Hanedan mezar objelerinden olu\u015fan bir tur ba\u015flatt\u0131; bu seferki tur Tutankhamun ve Firavunlar\u0131n Alt\u0131n \u00c7a\u011f\u0131<\/a><\/em> ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Tur , Tutankhamun: Alt\u0131n Ahiret<\/em> sergisiyle ayn\u0131 sergileri biraz farkl\u0131 bir formatta i\u00e7eriyordu. \u00dc\u00e7 milyondan fazla ki\u015fi \u00e7ekmesi bekleniyordu ancak sadece ilk d\u00f6rt tur dura\u011f\u0131na yakla\u015f\u0131k d\u00f6rt milyon ki\u015finin kat\u0131lmas\u0131yla bu say\u0131 a\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. [ 210 ]<\/a><\/sup> Sergi Los Angeles’ta ba\u015flad\u0131, ard\u0131ndan Fort Lauderdale<\/a> , Chicago, Philadelphia<\/a> ve Londra’ya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131 ve sonunda A\u011fustos 2008’de M\u0131s\u0131r’a geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri’ndeki serginin bir tekrar\u0131 Dallas Sanat M\u00fczesi’nde<\/a> yap\u0131ld\u0131 . [ 211 ]<\/a><\/sup> Dallas’tan sonra sergi San Francisco’daki de Young M\u00fczesi’ne<\/a> ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan New York City’deki Discovery Times Square Sergisi’ne gitti. <\/a>[ 212 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
2018’deki Tutankhamun sergisi<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a>
Tutankhamun’un mezar\u0131ndan bir g\u00fcne\u015f yelkenli b\u00f6ce\u011fi g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs kas\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a>
Tutankhamun’un v\u00fccudunda bulunan de\u011ferli ta\u015f bilezik<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sergi ilk kez Avustralya’y\u0131 ziyaret etti ve M\u0131s\u0131r hazinelerinin Aral\u0131k 2011’de Kahire’ye geri d\u00f6nmesinden \u00f6nce Avustralya’daki tek dura\u011f\u0131 olan Melbourne M\u00fczesi’nde a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. [ 213 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sergide, 18. Hanedanl\u0131k d\u00f6neminde Tutankhamun’un hemen \u00f6nceki h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n saltanatlar\u0131ndan 80 eser yer al\u0131yordu. Hat\u015fepsut<\/a> gibi ticaret politikalar\u0131 hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n zenginli\u011fini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve Tutankhamun’un mezar eserlerinin c\u00f6mert bir zenginli\u011fe kavu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, Tutankhamun’un mezar\u0131ndan 50 eser de sergiye dahil edilmemi\u015fti. Sergide, 1972-1979 turunun bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan alt\u0131n maske yer alm\u0131yordu; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc M\u0131s\u0131r h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, turlarda daha \u00f6nceki eserlere verilen hasar\u0131n, bu turun da turlara kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engelledi\u011fine karar vermi\u015fti. [ 214 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2018’de, t\u00fcm koleksiyonun y\u00fczde k\u0131rk\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan en b\u00fcy\u00fck Tutankhamun eserleri koleksiyonunun, 2019’da “Kral Tut: Alt\u0131n Firavun’un Hazineleri” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 bir tur i\u00e7in tekrar M\u0131s\u0131r’dan ayr\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 duyuruldu. [ 215 ]<\/a><\/sup> 2019-2022 turu, Los Angeles’ta ba\u015flayan ve ard\u0131ndan Paris’e seyahat eden “Tutankhamun, Firavun’un Hazineleri” adl\u0131 bir sergiyle ba\u015flad\u0131. Paris’teki Grande Halle de la Villette’de<\/a> yer alan sergi , Mart’tan Eyl\u00fcl 2019’a kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Sergide y\u00fcz elli alt\u0131n sikkenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00e7e\u015fitli m\u00fccevher par\u00e7alar\u0131, heykeller ve oymalar ile Tutankhamun’un alt\u0131n maskesi yer ald\u0131. Serginin tan\u0131t\u0131m\u0131, Paris sokaklar\u0131n\u0131 etkinli\u011fin posterleriyle doldurdu. Sergi, Kas\u0131m 2019’da Londra’ya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131 ve COVID -19 salg\u0131n\u0131<\/a> turu kesintiye u\u011fratt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Boston ve Sidney’e seyahat etmesi planlan\u0131yordu. 28 A\u011fustos 2020’de ge\u00e7ici sergiyi olu\u015fturan eserler Kahire’deki M\u0131s\u0131r M\u00fczesi’ne<\/a> ve di\u011fer kurumlara geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc. [ 216 ]<\/a><\/sup> Hazineler , Ekim 2023 ile \u015eubat 2024 aras\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 beklenen Kahire’deki yeni B\u00fcy\u00fck M\u0131s\u0131r M\u00fczesi’nde<\/a> kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak muhafaza edilecek . [ 217 ] <\/a><\/sup>[ 218 ] <\/a><\/sup>[ 219 ]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aile a\u011fac\u0131<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
v<\/abbr><\/a>T<\/abbr><\/a>e<\/abbr><\/a>Tutankhamun’un y\u00fckselen aile tarihi<\/th><\/tr>
Genetik testlere ve arkeolojik kan\u0131tlara dayanarakTutmosis IV<\/a> \u2642Mutemwiya<\/a> \u2640Tjuyu<\/a> \u2640 [ i ]<\/a><\/sup>Yuya<\/a> \u2642 [ i ]<\/a><\/sup>Amenhotep III<\/a> \u2642 [ i ]<\/a><\/sup>Tiye<\/a> \u2640 [ i ]<\/a><\/sup>
Cesedin KV35EL oldu\u011fu belirlendi<\/small>Nefertiti<\/a> \u2640Akhenaten<\/a> \u2642 [ i ]<\/a><\/sup>
Ceset KV55’te tan\u0131mland\u0131<\/sub>Gen\u00e7 Han\u0131m<\/a> \u2640 [ i ]<\/a><\/sup>
Cesedin KV35YL oldu\u011fu belirlendi.<\/sub>
Muhtemelen Nebetah veya Beketaten’e ait.<\/sub>Ankhesenamun<\/a> \u2640
V\u00fccudunun KV21A oldu\u011funa inan\u0131l\u0131yor<\/small>Tutankhamun<\/a> \u2642 [ i ]<\/a><\/sup>\u00c7ocuk 1<\/a> \u2640\u00c7ocuk 2<\/a> \u2640A\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 notlar ve referans kaynaklar\u0131
<\/a><\/sup><\/a><\/a><\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Ayr\u0131ca bak\u0131n\u0131z<\/h2>\n\n\n\n