{"id":1701,"date":"2025-07-17T12:34:05","date_gmt":"2025-07-17T09:34:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/egyptologytr.wordpress.com\/?p=1701"},"modified":"2025-11-27T06:31:05","modified_gmt":"2025-11-27T06:31:05","slug":"maat-maet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/maat-maet\/","title":{"rendered":"Maat (Ma\u2019et)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Maat, der Zentralbegriff der \u00e4gyptischen Kosmologie und Ethik, wird als G\u00f6ttin personifiziert, die eine Strau\u00dfenfeder auf dem Kopf tr\u00e4gt. Der Terminus \u201eMaat\u201c umfasst ein breites Bedeutungsspektrum, das Wahrheit, Gerechtigkeit, Rechtschaffenheit, Weltordnung, Gleichgewicht und das kosmische Gesetz impliziert. Die G\u00f6ttin Maat galt als die geliebte Tochter des Sch\u00f6pfer-Sonnengottes Re. Sie reiste mit ihm in der Sonnenbarke, erfreute sein Herz und \u201egab Leben in seine Nasenl\u00f6cher\u201c (spendete ihm den Lebenshauch). Die prim\u00e4re Pflicht des \u00e4gyptischen K\u00f6nigs (Pharao) bestand darin, die Maat aufrechtzuerhalten und zu verwirklichen. Im Jenseits wurden die Verstorbenen im Totengericht danach beurteilt, ob sie in \u00dcbereinstimmung mit der Maat gelebt und die Maat gesprochen hatten.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seit dem Alten Reich wurde die Existenz der Maat als unabdingbare Voraussetzung f\u00fcr die t\u00e4gliche Regeneration des Sonnengottes betrachtet. In den Unterweltsb\u00fcchern wird sie ikonographisch in unmittelbarer N\u00e4he zu Re verortet, wie sie ihn sowohl in der Tages- als auch in der Nachtbarke begleitet. Dieser Umstand, oder m\u00f6glicherweise der inh\u00e4rente Dualismus \u00c4gyptens als Doppelreich, liefert den interpretatorischen Rahmen f\u00fcr das Ph\u00e4nomen, dass Maat auch als zwei identische G\u00f6ttinnen (Maati) in Erscheinung treten kann.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maat teilt ihr Emblem, die Feder, mit dem Luftgott Schu. Bisweilen wurde sie auch mit Schus Schwester Tefnut assoziiert. Es hei\u00dft, dass die G\u00f6tter \u201evon der Maat leben\u201c, und die G\u00f6ttin wurde mit elementaren Lebensgrundlagen wie der Luft zum Atmen, dem Brot zum Essen und dem Bier zum Trinken identifiziert. Ab dem 14. Jahrhundert v. Chr. wird Maat ikonographisch h\u00e4ufig als gefl\u00fcgelte G\u00f6ttin dargestellt. \u00c4hnlich wie Isis vermochte sie es, die Toten durch den Luftzug, den sie mit ihrem Fl\u00fcgelschlagen erzeugte, zu revitalisieren. Ein weiteres signifikantes Emblem der Maat ist das Hieroglyphenzeichen eines Sockels, welches auch in der orthographischen Schreibung ihres Namens Verwendung findet. Derartige Sockel werden unter den Thronen von G\u00f6ttern dargestellt, die als g\u00f6ttliche Richter fungieren. Diese Ikonographie wurde dahingehend interpretiert, dass die Maat das fundamentale Fundament darstellt, auf dem die \u00e4gyptische Gesellschaftsordnung gr\u00fcndet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Krallar, s\u0131k s\u0131k bir tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n ba\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131na minyat\u00fcr bir Maat fig\u00fcr\u00fc sunarken g\u00f6sterilirdi. Bu, kral ve halk\u0131 d\u00fcr\u00fcst bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece t\u00fcm g\u00fcnl\u00fck rit\u00fcellerin ve kurbanlar\u0131n anlams\u0131z olaca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Yarg\u0131\u00e7lar ve y\u00fcksek memurlar, maat’\u0131n yasalar\u0131n\u0131 uygulad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirtmek i\u00e7in tanr\u0131\u00e7an\u0131n resimlerini ta\u015f\u0131rlard\u0131. Maat, tarafs\u0131z yarg\u0131\u00e7 olan ve maat yasalar\u0131n\u0131 yaz\u0131ya d\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00f6ylenen Thoth<\/a><\/strong> ile s\u0131kl\u0131kla ili\u015fkilendirilirdi. Bu durum, ger\u00e7ek d\u00fcnyada “maat i\u00e7inde nas\u0131l ya\u015fanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131” \u00f6\u011freten veya tart\u0131\u015fan bir\u00e7ok M\u0131s\u0131r edebi eserine ilahi bir \u00f6nc\u00fcl sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Die \u00e4gyptischen Mythen \u00fcber das Goldene Zeitalter rekurrieren auf eine Epoche, in der die Maat als Herrscherin auf Erden waltete. In einigen \u00dcberlieferungen wird berichtet, dass sie sich, betr\u00fcbt \u00fcber die Verfehlungen der Menschheit, in die himmlischen Sph\u00e4ren zur\u00fcckzog. Es bestand jedoch die Vorstellung, dass die Maat weiterhin mit dem Individuum wie ein Schutzgeist koexistierte und den Verstorbenen ins Jenseits begleitete. Schlie\u00dflich etablierte sich die Phrase \u201esich zur Maat gesellen\u201c als ein Euphemismus f\u00fcr den Tod.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6l\u00fcler Kitab\u0131<\/strong>‘nda, \u0130ki Ger\u00e7e\u011fin Salonu<\/strong> (veya \u00c7ifte Maat<\/strong>), \u00f6l\u00fclerin ruhlar\u0131n\u0131n yarg\u0131lanmaya geldi\u011fi yerdir. \u00d6l\u00fclerin kalpleri, Maat’\u0131n t\u00fcy\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 tart\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131 ve bazen onun resmi terazinin \u00fczerine yerle\u015ftirilirdi. E\u011fer \u00f6len ki\u015fi, Ra gibi, kalbinde Maat’\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015fsa, terazi dengede durur ve \u00f6len ki\u015fi “sesi do\u011fru olan” veya “hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan” olarak ilan edilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n Persler taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edildi\u011fi d\u00f6neme ait bir ilahi, Ra’n\u0131n kalbinden parlayan “Maat’\u0131n g\u00fczel y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc” \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131r. Tanr\u0131\u00e7aya, maat’\u0131 uygulayabilmesi i\u00e7in Pers kral\u0131n\u0131n dilinde ve kafas\u0131nda ikamet etmesi i\u00e7in yalvar\u0131l\u0131r. Greko-Romen D\u00f6nemi’nde Maat, M\u0131s\u0131r dinindeki merkezi yerini kaybetmi\u015f ve baz\u0131 i\u015flevleri \u0130sis<\/a><\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan devral\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u0131s\u0131r kozmolojisi ve eti\u011finin temel kavram\u0131 olan Maat, ba\u015f\u0131nda bir deveku\u015fu t\u00fcy\u00fc takan tanr\u0131\u00e7a olarak ki\u015file\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. “Maat” kelimesi, ger\u00e7ek, adalet, do\u011fruluk, d\u00fczen, denge ve kozmik yasay\u0131 ifade eder. Tanr\u0131\u00e7a Maat, yarat\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131 Ra‘n\u0131n sevgili k\u0131z\u0131yd\u0131. G\u00fcne\u015f teknesinde onunla birlikte seyahat eder, kalbini sevindirir ve “burun deliklerine ya\u015fam verirdi”. Bir M\u0131s\u0131r kral\u0131n\u0131n birincil g\u00f6revi, maat’\u0131n … <\/p>\n

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