{"id":1527,"date":"2025-07-16T15:16:07","date_gmt":"2025-07-16T12:16:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/egyptologytr.wordpress.com\/?p=1527"},"modified":"2026-02-23T11:14:50","modified_gmt":"2026-02-23T11:14:50","slug":"menkaure","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/menkaure\/","title":{"rendered":"Menkaure"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u00fck\u00fcm S\u00fcresi: M.\u00d6. 2530 civar\u0131 (4. Hanedanl\u0131k) \u2013 Yakla\u015f\u0131k 18-22 Y\u0131l. Unvanlar: Menkaure (“Ra’n\u0131n Ruhlar\u0131 Ebedidir”), Kakhet (“Kutsal Ta\u00e7”), \u0130ki Diyar\u0131n Kral\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih ve Efsane<\/mark><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Menkaure, babas\u0131 Khafre’den (Kefren) sonra tahta ge\u00e7en ve Giza Platosu’ndaki \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck piramidi in\u015fa ettiren firavundur. Yunanca Mikerinos<\/strong> (Mycerinus) olarak bilinir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Onun piramidinin atalar\u0131nkine (Khufu ve Khafre) g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck olmas\u0131 (hacimce Khufu’nun 1\/10’u), tarih\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan uzun s\u00fcre “ekonomik \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f” veya “g\u00fc\u00e7 kayb\u0131” olarak yorumlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak modern M\u0131s\u0131rbilim, bunun bilin\u00e7li bir teolojik ve estetik tercih<\/strong> oldu\u011funu savunur. Menkaure, devasa kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 bloklar yerine, i\u015flenmesi \u00e7ok daha zor ve de\u011ferli olan Asvan Graniti<\/strong>‘ni kullanarak “kaliteye” odaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6keni ve Ailesi<\/strong><\/mark><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Menkaure, Khafre’nin o\u011fludur. Annesi muhtemelen Krali\u00e7e Khamerernebty I<\/strong>‘dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

E\u015fleri:<\/strong> Ba\u015f e\u015fi (ve k\u0131z karde\u015fi) Khamerernebty II<\/strong>‘dir. Boston G\u00fczel Sanatlar M\u00fczesi’ndeki \u00fcnl\u00fc “Menkaure ve Krali\u00e7esi” heykeli (Dyad), firavun ile e\u015finin samimiyetini ve krali\u00e7enin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6steren en zarif eserlerden biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karakteri:<\/strong> Tarih\u00e7i Herodot, Menkaure’yi atalar\u0131 Khufu ve Khafre’nin aksine; tap\u0131naklar\u0131 a\u00e7an, halka adalet da\u011f\u0131tan, merhametli ve dindar bir kral olarak anlat\u0131r. Efsaneye g\u00f6re, “k\u0131sa \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc olaca\u011f\u0131” kehanetine kar\u015f\u0131, geceyi g\u00fcnd\u00fcze katarak (s\u00fcrekli kandil yakarak) ya\u015fam s\u00fcresini ikiye katlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u0130mar Faaliyetleri<\/mark><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Menkaure’nin Giza’daki piramidi, di\u011fer ikisinin yan\u0131nda “k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck karde\u015f” gibi dursa da, detaylar\u0131nda e\u015fsizdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Piramit (G3):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00fckseklik:<\/em> Orijinal y\u00fcksekli\u011fi 65.5 metredir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malzeme Devrimi:<\/em> Piramidin alt k\u0131sm\u0131ndaki ilk 16 s\u0131ra, Tura kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 yerine, y\u00fczlerce kilometre g\u00fcneyden (Asvan) getirilen sert k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 granit<\/strong> ile kaplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu, o d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in inan\u0131lmaz bir lojistik ve i\u015f\u00e7ilik maliyetidir. Menkaure, piramidinin tamam\u0131n\u0131 granitle kaplamay\u0131 hedeflemi\u015f, ancak \u00f6mr\u00fc yetmeyince \u00fcst k\u0131s\u0131mlar kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131yla tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u0131k\u0131m Giri\u015fimi (Yara \u0130zi):<\/strong> 12. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Eyyubi Sultan\u0131 Selahaddin Eyyubi’nin o\u011flu El-Aziz Osman, piramitleri y\u0131kmaya karar vermi\u015f ve i\u015fe en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden (Menkaure) ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak 8 ay s\u00fcren \u00e7aba sonucunda, kuzey y\u00fcz\u00fcnde sadece dikey bir yar\u0131k (b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7entik) a\u00e7abilmi\u015flerdir. Bu “yara izi”, piramitlerin ne kadar sa\u011flam oldu\u011funun kan\u0131t\u0131 olarak bug\u00fcn hala g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Sanat\u0131n Zirvesi<\/strong><\/mark><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Menkaure d\u00f6neminin en b\u00fcy\u00fck miras\u0131, Vadi Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131’nda bulunan grivak ta\u015f\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f heykel gruplar\u0131d\u0131r (Triadlar).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kompozisyon:<\/strong> Her bir heykel grubunda; Kral Menkaure merkezde, bir yan\u0131nda tanr\u0131\u00e7a Hathor<\/strong>, di\u011fer yan\u0131nda ise M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n bir b\u00f6lgesini (Nom) temsil eden bir tanr\u0131\u00e7a bulunur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anlam\u0131:<\/strong> Bu heykeller, kral\u0131n hem tanr\u0131larla hem de M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n co\u011frafi b\u00f6lgeleriyle olan ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve onlar \u00fczerindeki hakimiyetini simgeler. Sanat tarih\u00e7ileri i\u00e7in bu eserler, Eski Krall\u0131k heykelcili\u011finin anatomik ve estetik zirvesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6l\u00fcm\u00fc <\/mark><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Menkaure, piramidi ve tap\u0131nak kompleksi tam olarak bitirilemeden \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kompleksi, halefi Shepseskaf kerpi\u00e7le aceleyle tamamlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak Menkaure’nin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden binlerce y\u0131l sonra ya\u015fanan bir olay, M\u0131s\u0131r arkeolojisinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plar\u0131ndan biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Albay Vyse ve Beatrice Gemisi:<\/strong> 1837’de \u0130ngiliz Albay Howard Vyse, piramidin mezar odas\u0131na girdi\u011finde muhte\u015fem i\u015flemeli, bazalttan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir lahit<\/strong> buldu. Bu e\u015fsiz lahdi \u0130ngiltere’ye (British Museum) g\u00f6t\u00fcrmek \u00fczere “Beatrice” adl\u0131 gemiye y\u00fckledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bat\u0131\u015f:<\/strong> Gemi, 1838’de \u0130spanya a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131nda f\u0131rt\u0131naya yakalanarak batt\u0131. Menkaure’nin lahdi, bug\u00fcn hala Akdeniz’in derinliklerinde yatmaktad\u0131r. (Kurtulan tek par\u00e7a, ah\u015fap tabut kapa\u011f\u0131d\u0131r ve o da muhtemelen daha ge\u00e7 bir d\u00f6neme, Saite restorasyonuna aittir).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Miras<\/mark><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Menkaure ile birlikte “Dev Piramitler \u00c7a\u011f\u0131” kapanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekonomik S\u0131n\u0131r:<\/strong> M\u0131s\u0131r ekonomisi art\u0131k her kral i\u00e7in Giza boyutunda bir da\u011f in\u015fa etmeyi kald\u0131ramaz hale gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dini Odak:<\/strong> Odak noktas\u0131, piramidin kendisinden (k\u00fctle), piramit etraf\u0131ndaki tap\u0131naklara ve rit\u00fcellere (k\u00fclt) kaym\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Menkaure, g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle de\u011fil, sanat\u0131n zarafetiyle g\u00f6stermeyi se\u00e7en son Giza kral\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Kaynak\u00e7a<\/mark><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Lehner, Mark. The Complete Pyramids. London: Thames & Hudson, 1997.
(Menkaure Piramidi’nin mimarisi, granit kaplama, i\u00e7 yap\u0131s\u0131 ve Giza nekropol\u00fcndeki yeri i\u00e7in en kapsaml\u0131 kaynak; Khafre-Menkaure ge\u00e7i\u015fi ve in\u015faat teknikleri detayl\u0131 analiz edilir.)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lehner, Mark & Hawass, Zahi. Giza and the Pyramids: The Definitive History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017.
(Giza platosu, Menkaure Piramidi kompleksi ve vadisi tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine en g\u00fcncel ve kapsaml\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma; son kaz\u0131lar, i\u015f\u00e7i k\u00f6yleri ve Menkaure d\u00f6nemi verileri.)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Verner, Miroslav. The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt’s Great Monuments. New York: Grove Press, 2001.
(Menkaure d\u00f6nemi piramit ve kompleksi i\u00e7in detayl\u0131 inceleme; mimari k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclme, granit kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Hanedan sonu yorumlar\u0131.)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Wilkinson, Toby. The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt. New York: Random House, 2010.
(D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Hanedan kronolojisi ve Menkaure’nin h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in genel bak\u0131\u015f; Giza nekropol\u00fc ve ekonomik yava\u015flama yorumlar\u0131.)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dodson, Aidan & Hilton, Dyan. The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. London: Thames & Hudson, 2004.
(Menkaure’nin aile ili\u015fkileri, Khafre halefli\u011fi tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ve D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Hanedan kronolojisi i\u00e7in en iyi referanslardan biri.)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Edwards, I.E.S. The Pyramids of Egypt. London: Penguin Books, 1993 (g\u00fcncel bask\u0131lar).
(Menkaure Piramidi’nin klasik a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131; i\u00e7 odalar, granit kaplama ve astronomik hizalanma i\u00e7in temel referans.)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reisner, George A. Mycerinus: The Temples of the Third Pyramid at Giza. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1931.
(Menkaure vadisi tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 ve kompleksi kaz\u0131 raporlar\u0131; klasik birincil arkeolojik kaynak, h\u00e2l\u00e2 referans de\u011feri ta\u015f\u0131r.)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baines, John. “Kingship in Ancient Egypt”. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, ed. Ian Shaw, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, s. 95-122.
(D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Hanedan krall\u0131k ideolojisi ve Menkaure’nin ilahi rol\u00fc i\u00e7in kapsaml\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm.)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hawass, Zahi. “The Pyramids of Giza: New Discoveries”. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, \u00e7e\u015fitli makaleler (1990-2020 aras\u0131).
(Menkaure Piramidi ve Giza nekropol\u00fcndeki yeni kaz\u0131lar ve yorumlar i\u00e7in uzman kaynak.)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

H\u00fck\u00fcm S\u00fcresi: M.\u00d6. 2530 civar\u0131 (4. Hanedanl\u0131k) \u2013 Yakla\u015f\u0131k 18-22 Y\u0131l. Unvanlar: Menkaure (“Ra’n\u0131n Ruhlar\u0131 Ebedidir”), Kakhet (“Kutsal Ta\u00e7”), \u0130ki Diyar\u0131n Kral\u0131. Tarih ve Efsane Menkaure, babas\u0131 Khafre’den (Kefren) sonra tahta ge\u00e7en ve Giza Platosu’ndaki \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck piramidi in\u015fa ettiren firavundur. Yunanca Mikerinos (Mycerinus) olarak bilinir. Onun piramidinin atalar\u0131nkine (Khufu ve Khafre) g\u00f6re … <\/p>\n

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