{"id":99,"date":"2025-05-30T15:09:28","date_gmt":"2025-05-30T12:09:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/egyptologytr.wordpress.com\/?page_id=99"},"modified":"2025-05-30T15:09:28","modified_gmt":"2025-05-30T12:09:28","slug":"yeni-krallik-donemi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/yeni-krallik-donemi\/","title":{"rendered":"Yeni Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kaynak: Jacobus Van D\u0131jk<\/p>\n\n\n\n

file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/JET\/Downloads\/the-oxford-history-of-ancient-egypt-1stnbsped-0198150342-9780198150343_compress.pdf<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sayfadaki i\u00e7eriklerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Referanslar<\/em> <\/a>k\u0131sm\u0131nda belirtilen akademik kaynaklardan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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Amenhotep III \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, arkas\u0131nda her zamankinden daha zengin ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir M\u0131s\u0131r b\u0131rakt\u0131. Babas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan Mitanni ile yap\u0131lan anla\u015fma \u00fclkeye bar\u0131\u015f ve istikrar getirmi\u015fti, bu da ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir l\u00fcks k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne yol a\u00e7t\u0131. M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n kendi kaynaklar\u0131ndan ve d\u0131\u015f ticaretten elde edilen gelirin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131, benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7eklerde in\u015fa projelerine harcand\u0131; tap\u0131naklar\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131nda ve s\u00fcslemelerinde kullan\u0131lan alt\u0131n, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, bronz ve de\u011ferli ta\u015flar\u0131n miktar\u0131 yaz\u0131tlarda anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n zenginli\u011fi, an\u0131tlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle sembolize ediliyordu\u2014her \u015fey, \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemlerden daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olmal\u0131yd\u0131; tap\u0131naklar ve saraylardan, kral\u0131n devasa heykellerine ve se\u00e7kinlerin \u015fabti fig\u00fcrlerine kadar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bar\u0131\u015f ayn\u0131 zamanda M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n yabanc\u0131 kom\u015fular\u0131na bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015fti. Art\u0131k yabanc\u0131lar, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta yarat\u0131lan d\u00fczenli d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki kaosun d\u00fc\u015fman g\u00fc\u00e7leri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fcyordu. Amenhotep’in saray\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6neme sahip bir diplomasi merkezi haline gelmi\u015fti ve kom\u015fular\u0131yla kurulan dostane ili\u015fkiler, yabanc\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlere kar\u015f\u0131 daha a\u00e7\u0131k bir atmosfer yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hanedan\u0131n \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemlerinde g\u00f6\u00e7menler kendi tanr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r’a getirmi\u015f ve bu tanr\u0131lardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u00f6zellikle sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcyle M\u0131s\u0131r kral\u0131 ile ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015fti, ancak art\u0131k yabanc\u0131 halklar da Tanr\u0131’n\u0131n yarat\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor, g\u00fcne\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131 Ra’n\u0131n ve onun yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki temsilcisi firavunun korumas\u0131 alt\u0131ndaki bir d\u00fczenin i\u00e7inde kabul ediliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni Krall\u0131k Dini<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Yeni Krall\u0131k M\u0131s\u0131r’da din, g\u00fcne\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131 Ra’n\u0131n ve onun h\u00fck\u00fcmdarla olan yak\u0131n ili\u015fkisine dayan\u0131yordu. Ra, hem g\u00fcne\u015f hem de ilk yarat\u0131c\u0131 olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 simgeliyordu. Tap\u0131naklarda onun g\u00fcnl\u00fck g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fc yolculu\u011fu, kozmik d\u00fczeni korumak amac\u0131yla rit\u00fceller ve ilahilerle canland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordu. Kral, bu rit\u00fcellerde kilit rol oynuyor ve g\u00fcne\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n hareketleri hakk\u0131nda derin bilgiye sahip ana din adam\u0131 olarak hizmet ediyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n inan\u00e7 sistemi, \u00f6l\u00fcm ve yeniden do\u011fu\u015f d\u00f6ng\u00fclerine dayan\u0131yordu. Her g\u00fcn do\u011fumu, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilk yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f an\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131yordu ve Ra da g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde \u00f6l\u00fcm ve yeniden do\u011fu\u015f d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc takip ediyordu\u2014g\u00fcn bat\u0131m\u0131nda yeralt\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131na girerek burada yenileniyor ve sabah Ra-Horakhty olarak yeniden do\u011fuyordu. Bu d\u00f6ng\u00fc t\u00fcm varolu\u015fa uygulan\u0131yor, \u00f6l\u00fcler de Ra ile birlikte yeniden do\u011fuyor ve onun sonsuz yolculu\u011funa kat\u0131l\u0131yordu. Zamanla, geleneksel olarak \u00f6l\u00fcler ve yeralt\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirilen Osiris, Ra’n\u0131n bir y\u00f6n\u00fc olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. T\u00fcm tanr\u0131lar, e\u011fer Ra yarat\u0131c\u0131 tanr\u0131 ise, ondan t\u00fcremi\u015fti ve bu da Yeni Krall\u0131k M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n\u0131n teolojisinde bir t\u00fcr tek tanr\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelme e\u011filimini ortaya koyuyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amenhotep III’\u00fcn h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru, bir\u00e7ok tanr\u0131n\u0131n ve kral\u0131n kendi kutsal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ibadeti giderek g\u00fcne\u015f merkezli hale gelmi\u015fti. Ancak Amenhotep, bunu dengelemek i\u00e7in bir\u00e7ok farkl\u0131 tanr\u0131n\u0131n heykellerini yapt\u0131rarak ve kutsal hayvanlar bi\u00e7imindeki d\u00fcnyevi tezah\u00fcrlerini geli\u015ftiren k\u00fcltleri destekleyerek bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k vermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yine de h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en son d\u00f6nemlerinde, ilahiler Ra’y\u0131 di\u011fer tanr\u0131lardan ay\u0131rmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u2014Ra y\u00fcce, tek ba\u015f\u0131na ve g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcnde uzak bir tanr\u0131yd\u0131, di\u011fer tanr\u0131lar ise insanlarla ve hayvanlarla birlikte onun yarat\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n dini merkezi Thebes olarak kalmaya devam etti, h\u00fck\u00fcmet i\u015flerinin \u00e7o\u011funlukla Memphis’te y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesine ra\u011fmen. Thebes\u2019in yerel tanr\u0131s\u0131 Amun, Ra ile birle\u015ferek Amun-Ra ad\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f ve t\u00fcm M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da “Tanr\u0131lar\u0131n Kral\u0131” olarak tap\u0131n\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Firavun, krali\u00e7e annesiyle kutsal bir evlilikten do\u011fan Amun\u2019un d\u00fcnyevi o\u011flu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu; bu mit, her y\u0131l Luxor’daki b\u00fcy\u00fck Opet Festivali s\u0131ras\u0131nda rit\u00fcel olarak yeniden sahneleniyordu. Bu festival, kral\u0131n tanr\u0131sal stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc halk\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde peki\u015ftiriyor, onu Amun ile hem dini hem de politik olarak g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ba\u011f i\u00e7inde tutuyordu. Amun-Ra\u2019n\u0131n rahipleri b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zenginlik ve n\u00fcfuz elde etmi\u015fti, ancak bu \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck, Amenhotep III\u2019\u00fcn halefinin M\u0131s\u0131r dininde radikal bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na girmesiyle de\u011fi\u015fecekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Devasa Akhenaten Heykeli. \u0130skenderiye Ulusal M\u00fczesi.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

IV. Amenhotep ve Karnak<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Amenhotep IV’\u00fcn tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve dini reformlar\u0131, M\u0131s\u0131r tarihinin en radikal de\u011fi\u015fimlerinden birini temsil eder. \u0130\u015fte detayl\u0131 \u00e7evirisi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amenhotep IV, tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda geleneksel olarak Amun taraf\u0131ndan kutsanm\u0131\u015f bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olarak kabul edilmesine ra\u011fmen, ba\u015ftan itibaren kendi yolunu \u00e7izmeye kararl\u0131yd\u0131. Tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f tarihi kesin olarak bilinmemektedir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta babas\u0131 III.Amenhotep’in ard\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir varis olan Thutmose’un ge\u00e7mesi bekleniyordu. Ancak IV.Amenhotep, h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Karnak’ta b\u00fcy\u00fck bir in\u015faat program\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. Bu tap\u0131naklar geleneksel Amun k\u00fclt\u00fcne de\u011fil, yeni bir g\u00fcne\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131 olan Aten’e adanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amenhotep III d\u00f6neminde g\u00fcne\u015f diski Aten giderek \u00f6nem kazanmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Amenhotep IV d\u00f6neminde Aten\u2019i temsil eden geleneksel fig\u00fcrler yerine, \u0131\u015f\u0131k sa\u00e7an elleri olan bir g\u00fcne\u015f diski kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Bu yeni tanr\u0131, krala ve ailesine do\u011frudan ya\u015fam g\u00fcc\u00fc veriyordu. Ancak h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda di\u011fer tanr\u0131lar\u0131 tamamen devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karnak’taki tap\u0131naklardan biri, Amenhotep IV’\u00fcn erken d\u00f6neminde bir sed-festivaline adanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Normalde krallar bu festivali 30. y\u0131llar\u0131nda kutlarken, Amenhotep IV bunu h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilk be\u015f y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. Bu festivalde Aten, \u00f6len Amenhotep III ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilmi\u015fti ve yeni kral\u0131n kutlamalar\u0131 hem Aten hem de kendisi i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayr\u0131ca, Amenhotep IV d\u00f6neminde Nefertiti’nin \u00f6nemli bir dini rol ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Karnak\u2019taki tap\u0131naklardan biri tamamen ona adanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Nefertiti, h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olarak sunulan ilahi d\u00fczeni koruma rit\u00fcellerine kat\u0131ld\u0131 ve bu d\u00f6nemde Aten k\u00fclt\u00fc giderek g\u00fc\u00e7lendi. Nefertiti\u2019ye yeni bir isim verildi: Neferneferuaten. K\u0131z\u0131 Meritaten ile birlikte, geleneksel olarak sadece kral\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi rit\u00fcelleri yerine getirdi. Bu d\u00f6nemde kraliyet ailesi, mitolojik tanr\u0131lar Shu ve Tefnut ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirildi ve Aten\u2019in \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 olarak kabul edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da \u00e7ok tanr\u0131l\u0131 dinin yerini Aten merkezli bir inan\u00e7 sistemi almaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Ancak Amenhotep IV\u2019\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra bu reformlar b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde geri al\u0131nd\u0131 ve geleneksel tanr\u0131lar yeniden \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Akhenaten ve Amarna<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Akhenaten’in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n be\u015finci y\u0131l\u0131nda, geleneksel M\u0131s\u0131r dini merkezi olan Thebes ve Amun tanr\u0131s\u0131yla t\u00fcm ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 koparmaya karar verdi. Bunun yerine, tamamen Aten k\u00fclt\u00fcne adanm\u0131\u015f yeni bir \u015fehir kurdu. Ayn\u0131 zamanda ad\u0131n\u0131 Echnaton<\/strong> olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirdi, bu isim “Aten ad\u0131na etkili bir \u015fekilde hareket eden” veya “Aten’in yarat\u0131c\u0131 tezah\u00fcr\u00fc” anlam\u0131na geliyordu. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Amarna<\/strong> olarak bilinen bu yeni \u015fehir, Akhetaten<\/strong> yani “Aten’in Ufku” olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u2014Aten’in kendini g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi ve o\u011flunun, yani kral\u0131n, onun ad\u0131na hareket etti\u011fi yer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu radikal karar\u0131n yaln\u0131zca dini mi yoksa siyasi nedenleri de mi oldu\u011fu kesin olarak bilinmiyor. Ancak Akhenaten, Akhetaten\u2019in s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen s\u0131n\u0131r stelalar\u0131nda<\/strong> dini reformlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bir muhalefet oldu\u011funa i\u015faret ediyor gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. \u00d6zellikle Thebes’teki Amun tap\u0131naklar\u0131n\u0131n rahipleri<\/strong> ve di\u011fer geleneksel dini kurumlar bu de\u011fi\u015fime kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olabilir. Akhenaten, Akhetaten\u2019e ta\u015f\u0131nmadan \u00f6nce bile geleneksel tap\u0131naklar\u0131n gelirlerinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 Aten k\u00fclt\u00fcne y\u00f6nlendirmi\u015fti. Yeni ba\u015fkente ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise bu durum daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Akhenaten\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dokuzuncu y\u0131l\u0131nda<\/strong>, Aten\u2019in resmi ad\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirildi ve Ra’n\u0131n g\u00fcne\u015f diski olarak geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/strong> vurguland\u0131. Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklik, geleneksel tanr\u0131 Horus\u2019un<\/strong> ad\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rarak Aten ile kral aras\u0131ndaki baba-o\u011ful ili\u015fkisini<\/strong> daha da \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde geleneksel tanr\u0131lar tamamen yasakland\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle Amun\u2019un<\/strong> ad\u0131 ve heykelleri an\u0131tlardan silinmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikler, muhtemelen ordunun deste\u011fiyle<\/strong> ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Geleneksel devlet tap\u0131naklar\u0131 kapat\u0131ld\u0131 ve tanr\u0131lar\u0131n ibadetleri durduruldu. En \u00f6nemlisi, dini festivaller ve halk kutlamalar\u0131<\/strong> art\u0131k yap\u0131lm\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Akhenaten\u2019in askeri g\u00fcc\u00fc<\/strong> uzun s\u00fcre g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilse de, son ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar onun reformlar\u0131n\u0131 askeri destek olmadan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiremeyece\u011fini<\/strong> ortaya koyuyor. 12. y\u0131l\u0131nda<\/strong>, Akhenaten ordusunu Nubia\u2019daki bir isyan\u0131 bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in<\/strong> g\u00f6nderdi. Ayr\u0131ca, Mitanni \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun<\/strong> Hititler taraf\u0131ndan yenilmesiyle M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir darbe ald\u0131. Amarna mektuplar\u0131<\/strong>, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n kuzey Suriye\u2019deki askeri faaliyetlerinin genellikle yerel vassal devletlerin taraf de\u011fi\u015ftirmesini \u00f6nlemeye y\u00f6nelik<\/strong> oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l, Akhenaten t\u00fcm yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelerden gelen hara\u00e7lar\u0131<\/strong> kabul etti\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir t\u00f6ren d\u00fczenledi. Bu t\u00f6ren, Nubia\u2019daki askeri seferle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Akhenaten\u2019in reformlar\u0131, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n dini ve siyasi yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 k\u00f6kten de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Ancak \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra geleneksel tanr\u0131lar yeniden \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve Aten k\u00fclt\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde terk edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amarna D\u00f6neminde Kraliyet Kad\u0131nlar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Akhenaten\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda kraliyet ailesinde \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ya\u015fand\u0131. Nefertiti<\/strong>, alt\u0131 k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fu do\u011furmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bir erkek varis d\u00fcnyaya getirememi\u015fti. Buna ra\u011fmen, “b\u00fcy\u00fck kraliyet e\u015fi”<\/strong> unvan\u0131n\u0131 korudu. Ancak, Kiya<\/strong> adl\u0131 ikinci bir e\u015f Akhetaten\u2019de sahneye \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Kiya\u2019n\u0131n Mitannili bir prenses oldu\u011fu \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclse de, ad\u0131 tamamen M\u0131s\u0131r k\u00f6kenliydi ve yabanc\u0131 oldu\u011funa dair hi\u00e7bir kan\u0131t bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Kendisine “kral\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck sevgili e\u015fi”<\/strong> unvan\u0131 verildi, bu da onu di\u011fer harem kad\u0131nlar\u0131ndan ay\u0131r\u0131rken, ayn\u0131 zamanda Nefertiti\u2019den farkl\u0131 bir konuma yerle\u015ftiriyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Picture of the Nefertiti bust<\/a> in Neues Museum<\/a>, Berlin.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

12. h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k y\u0131l\u0131 civar\u0131nda<\/strong>, Kiya\u2019n\u0131n ad\u0131 an\u0131tlardan silindi ve yerine Akhenaten\u2019in k\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n isimleri<\/strong>, \u00f6zellikle Meritaten<\/strong>\u2019in ad\u0131 yaz\u0131ld\u0131. Kiya\u2019n\u0131n tasvirleri de de\u011fi\u015ftirildi. Hatta onun i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f antropoid tabut<\/strong> bile ba\u015fka bir kraliyet mensubu i\u00e7in uyarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu durum, Kiya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6zden d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve belki de Nefertiti\u2019ye rakip oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in kraliyet ailesinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir. Baz\u0131 teorilere g\u00f6re, Kiya Akhenaten\u2019e bir k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fu ve muhtemelen bir erkek varis<\/strong> do\u011furmu\u015f olabilir. Bu varsay\u0131m\u0131 destekleyen kesin bir kan\u0131t olmasa da, Tutankhaten<\/strong> (daha sonra Tutankhamun<\/strong>) adl\u0131 bir “kral\u0131n bedensel o\u011flu”<\/strong> olarak tan\u0131mlanan bir yaz\u0131t bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu, Akhenaten\u2019in o\u011flu oldu\u011fu neredeyse kesin olsa da, annesinin Nefertiti olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nefertiti\u2019nin etkisi h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilerleyen d\u00f6nemlerinde daha da artt\u0131. Neferneferuaten<\/strong> ad\u0131yla resmi olarak e\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmdar<\/strong> oldu ve Ankh(et)kheperura<\/strong> taht ad\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. Krali\u00e7e rol\u00fc ise en b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131z\u0131 Meritaten<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcstlenildi. Akhenaten\u2019in neden bir e\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmdar atad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmiyor. Belki de Thebes\u2019teki muhalefet<\/strong> kontrolden \u00e7\u0131kmak \u00fczereydi ve Amarna d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 gerekiyordu. Neferneferuaten\u2019in Thebes\u2019te bir saraya sahip oldu\u011fu<\/strong> ve burada Amun\u2019a adaklar sunan bir k\u00e2tip \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> biliniyor. Bu, eski dinlerle uzla\u015fma giri\u015fimi olarak yorumlanabilir. Bir yaz\u0131t<\/strong>, Amun\u2019a yap\u0131lan bir duay\u0131 i\u00e7eriyor ve tanr\u0131dan geri d\u00f6nerek takip\u00e7ilerini karanl\u0131ktan kurtarmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Echnaton 17. y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde<\/strong>, Nefertiti\u2019nin hayatta olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirsizdir. Smenkhkara<\/strong> adl\u0131 k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar, Neferneferuaten ile neredeyse ayn\u0131 taht ad\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Baz\u0131 tasvirlerde Meritaten ile birlikte g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir<\/strong>. Smenkhkara\u2019n\u0131n kimli\u011fi kesin de\u011fildir. Baz\u0131 uzmanlar onun Nefertiti\u2019nin erkek halefi<\/strong> oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnse de, Nefertiti\u2019nin kendisinin erkek kimli\u011fiyle k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/strong> ihtimali de vard\u0131r. Hatshepsut gibi<\/strong>, erkek h\u00fck\u00fcmdar kimli\u011fi benimseyerek tek ba\u015f\u0131na y\u00f6netmi\u015f olabilir<\/strong>. Akhenaten\u2019in halefi uzun s\u00fcre tahtta kalmad\u0131 ve \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Tutankhaten<\/strong>, kraliyet ailesinin hayatta kalan tek erkek \u00fcyesi olarak tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Tutankhaten ve e\u015fi Ankhesenpaaten<\/strong>, Amarna\u2019y\u0131 terk ederek geleneksel dinleri yeniden canland\u0131rd\u0131<\/strong>. B\u00f6ylece, M\u0131s\u0131r tarihinin en \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerinden biri sona erdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amarna D\u00f6nemi Sanat\u0131 ve Mimarisi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amarna D\u00f6nemi’nde sanat ve mimari, geleneksel M\u0131s\u0131r sanat\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde farkl\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Amenhotep IV<\/strong>, h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda geleneksel tarzda tasvir edilirken, k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde kendisini ince, uzun y\u00fczl\u00fc, belirgin \u00e7eneli, kal\u0131n dudakl\u0131, uzun boyunlu, yuvarlak kar\u0131nl\u0131 ve geni\u015f kal\u00e7al\u0131<\/strong> olarak betimletmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu yeni sanat tarz\u0131, \u00f6zellikle Thebes ve Amarna’daki an\u0131tlarda<\/strong> olduk\u00e7a abart\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Daha sonraki y\u0131llarda daha dengeli bir stil geli\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde Akhenaten, Nefertiti ve k\u0131zlar\u0131<\/strong> da ayn\u0131 sanatsal \u00fcslupta tasvir edildi. Akhenaten, kendisini “her \u015feyi do\u011furan anne”<\/strong> ve “halk\u0131n\u0131 kendi ka’s\u0131 ile yaratan”<\/strong> olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yordu. Bu, onun yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki yarat\u0131c\u0131 tanr\u0131<\/strong> olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Kraliyet ailesi, sanat eserlerinde daha \u00f6nce hi\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir samimiyetle<\/strong> tasvir edildi\u2014birbirlerini \u00f6p\u00fcyor, sar\u0131l\u0131yor ve Aten\u2019in \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 alt\u0131nda sevgi dolu bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6steriliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mimari a\u00e7\u0131dan, Akhenaten\u2019in in\u015fa etti\u011fi yap\u0131lar h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde<\/strong> tamamlanabilmesi i\u00e7in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ta\u015f bloklar (talatat)<\/strong> kullan\u0131larak yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu y\u00f6ntem, geleneksel b\u00fcy\u00fck ta\u015f bloklardan farkl\u0131yd\u0131 ve in\u015faat s\u00fcrecini h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131yordu. Ancak, bu yap\u0131lar\u0131n zamanla dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan sorunlar ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc ve Amarna D\u00f6nemi sona erdi\u011finde bu teknik terk edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Akhetaten \u015fehri<\/strong>, geleneksel M\u0131s\u0131r \u015fehirlerinden farkl\u0131 olarak kat\u0131 bir planlama yerine do\u011fal bir yerle\u015fim d\u00fczenine<\/strong> sahipti. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6yler gibi k\u00fcmelenmi\u015f evler, tah\u0131l ambarlar\u0131, hayvan bar\u0131naklar\u0131 ve at\u00f6lyelerle \u00e7evriliydi. Ancak tap\u0131naklar ve saraylar<\/strong> titizlikle planlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Akhenaten ve ailesi, Kuzey Saray\u0131’nda<\/strong> ya\u015farken, merkezdeki iki b\u00fcy\u00fck saray<\/strong> devlet t\u00f6renleri ve y\u00f6netim i\u015fleri i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aten tap\u0131naklar\u0131<\/strong>, geleneksel M\u0131s\u0131r tap\u0131naklar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak tamamen a\u00e7\u0131k<\/strong> tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Geleneksel tap\u0131naklarda tanr\u0131n\u0131n heykeli karanl\u0131k bir kutsal odada<\/strong> saklan\u0131rken, Aten tap\u0131naklar\u0131nda g\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 her yere ula\u015fabiliyordu<\/strong>. Aten\u2019in g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr bir heykeli yoktu<\/strong>, sadece g\u00fcne\u015f diski ve \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131<\/strong> ile temsil ediliyordu. Tap\u0131naklarda \u00e7ok say\u0131da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sunak<\/strong> bulunuyordu, ancak bunlar\u0131n tam olarak ne ama\u00e7la kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Akhenaten, g\u00fcnl\u00fck ge\u00e7it t\u00f6renleri<\/strong> d\u00fczenleyerek halk\u0131n kendisini g\u00f6rmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. Geleneksel tanr\u0131 heykelleri yerine, halk Akhenaten\u2019i Aten\u2019in yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki temsilcisi olarak<\/strong> tap\u0131yordu. Kraliyet ailesi, halk\u0131n evlerinde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sunaklar ve steller<\/strong> ile ibadet edilen kutsal fig\u00fcrler haline geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amarna\u2019da Mezarlar ve Cenaze \u0130nan\u00e7lar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amarna D\u00f6nemi’nde mezarlar ve cenaze inan\u00e7lar\u0131, geleneksel M\u0131s\u0131r \u00f6l\u00fcm anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde farkl\u0131yd\u0131. Akhetaten’deki se\u00e7kinlerin mezarlar\u0131nda bile<\/strong> kral\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bask\u0131nd\u0131. Duvar s\u00fcslemelerinde Akhenaten, e\u015fi Nefertiti ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131<\/strong> s\u0131k\u00e7a tasvir edilirken, Aten tap\u0131naklar\u0131<\/strong> da \u00f6nemli bir yer tutuyordu. \u0130lahiler ve sunu form\u00fclleri<\/strong>, Aten’e oldu\u011fu kadar Akhenaten’e de<\/strong> adanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nemde yaz\u0131lan B\u00fcy\u00fck Aten \u0130lahisi<\/strong>, yeni dinin temel \u00f6\u011fretilerini i\u00e7eren en kapsaml\u0131 metinlerden biri olarak kabul edilir ve yaln\u0131zca Amarna mezarlar\u0131nda bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Akhenaten, h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren Osiris k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fc yasaklad\u0131<\/strong>. Geleneksel olarak Osiris, gece g\u00fcne\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bir tezah\u00fcr\u00fc<\/strong> olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu, ancak Akhenaten bu inanc\u0131 reddetti. Aten yaln\u0131zca ya\u015fam veren \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n tanr\u0131s\u0131yd\u0131<\/strong> ve gece oldu\u011funda ortadan kayboluyordu. \u00d6l\u00fcm ve karanl\u0131k<\/strong>, geleneksel M\u0131s\u0131r inanc\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi yeniden do\u011fu\u015fun bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak de\u011fil<\/strong>, tamamen g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilen bir durum olarak kabul ediliyordu. \u00d6l\u00fcler, gece boyunca uyuyan canl\u0131lar gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu<\/strong> ve geleneksel olarak bat\u0131da bulunan mezarl\u0131klar yerine, do\u011fuda, g\u00fcne\u015fin do\u011fdu\u011fu yerde<\/strong> g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcyorlard\u0131. \u00d6l\u00fclerin dirili\u015fi, Aten’in sabah do\u011fu\u015fuyla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyordu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amarna D\u00f6nemi’nde \u00f6l\u00fcler, mezarlar\u0131nda de\u011fil, Aten ve kral\u0131n yan\u0131nda, tap\u0131naklarda var olmaya devam ediyordu<\/strong>. Bu nedenle, mezar s\u00fcslemelerinde Aten tap\u0131naklar\u0131 ve kral\u0131n tap\u0131naklara do\u011fru ilerleyerek sunular yapmas\u0131<\/strong> s\u0131k\u00e7a tasvir edilmi\u015ftir. Mezarlar, yaln\u0131zca gece boyunca dinlenme yerleri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu<\/strong>. Mumyalama uygulamas\u0131 devam etti<\/strong>, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ba ruhu gece boyunca bedene geri d\u00f6n\u00fcyor ve sabah Aten ile birlikte yeniden do\u011fuyordu<\/strong>. Ancak, geleneksel \u00d6l\u00fcler Kitab\u0131’ndan b\u00f6l\u00fcmler art\u0131k \u015fabti fig\u00fcrlerine yaz\u0131lm\u0131yordu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Akhenaten\u2019in kendi ta\u015f lahiti<\/strong>, geleneksel olarak k\u00f6\u015felerde bulunan d\u00f6rt kanatl\u0131 tanr\u0131\u00e7a yerine Nefertiti fig\u00fcrleriyle s\u00fcslenmi\u015fti<\/strong>. \u00d6zel lahitlerin de \u00f6l\u00fclerin aile \u00fcyelerinin tasvirleriyle s\u00fcslenmi\u015f olabilece\u011fi<\/strong> d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. \u00d6l\u00fclerin Osiris\u2019in huzurunda yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 art\u0131k yoktu<\/strong>. Bunun yerine, Akhenaten\u2019e sad\u0131k olanlar \u00f6l\u00fcmden sonra ya\u015fam hakk\u0131 kazan\u0131yordu<\/strong>. Akhenaten, maat\u2019\u0131 (kozmik d\u00fczeni) temsil eden tanr\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyordu<\/strong> ve ona ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterenler “maatyu” (do\u011fru ki\u015filer) olarak kabul ediliyordu<\/strong>. \u00d6l\u00fcmden sonra ya\u015fam, tamamen kral\u0131n l\u00fctfuna ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131<\/strong> ve Amarna dini, cenaze inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 da tamamen kral\u0131n kontrol\u00fcne alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amarna D\u00f6neminde Amarna d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fam<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amarna D\u00f6nemi’nde Akhenaten\u2019in yeni dini reformlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda en fazla bilgi, Thebes\u2019teki erken d\u00f6nem an\u0131tlar\u0131ndan<\/strong> ve Amarna \u015fehrinden<\/strong> gelmektedir. Ancak, kral yeni \u015fehrine ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n geri kalan\u0131nda neler oldu\u011fu<\/strong> konusunda \u00e7ok daha az bilgiye sahibiz. Akhenaten\u2019in Akhetaten d\u0131\u015f\u0131na seyahat etti\u011fi<\/strong> neredeyse kesin, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131r stelalar\u0131nda<\/strong>, e\u011fer ba\u015fka bir yerde \u00f6l\u00fcrse bedeninin Amarna\u2019ya getirilip orada g\u00f6m\u00fclmesi gerekti\u011fini<\/strong> belirtiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Akhenaten\u2019in erken d\u00f6neminde Nubia\u2019da baz\u0131 in\u015faat faaliyetleri<\/strong> oldu\u011fu biliniyor. Ayr\u0131ca Memphis ve Heliopolis\u2019te Aten tap\u0131naklar\u0131<\/strong> bulunuyordu ve ba\u015fka yerlerde de olabilir. Memphis\u2019teki baz\u0131 ta\u015f bloklar<\/strong>, Aten\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n 9. y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonraki ge\u00e7 d\u00f6nem ad\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> ta\u015f\u0131yor. Thebes\u2019ten gelen bir ta\u015f blokta da ayn\u0131 isim formu bulunuyor<\/strong>, bu da Amarna d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki in\u015faat faaliyetlerinin devam etti\u011fini<\/strong> g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak, geleneksel dinlerin ger\u00e7ekten ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> belirsizdir. Tutankhamun\u2019un Restorasyon Ferman\u0131<\/strong>, Amarna D\u00f6nemi\u2019ni olduk\u00e7a propagandac\u0131 bir \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, bu konuda net bir bilgi vermemektedir. G\u00fcnl\u00fck hayatta, yeni din muhtemelen yaln\u0131zca resmi devlet k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fc ve se\u00e7kinlerin dinini de\u011fi\u015ftirdi<\/strong>; halk\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu yerel tanr\u0131lar\u0131na tapmaya devam etmi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r<\/strong>. Amarna\u2019da bile<\/strong>, Bes ve Taweret (do\u011fumla ilgili tanr\u0131lar), Renenutet (hasat tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131), Isis ve Shed (koruyucu tanr\u0131lar), Thoth (katiplerin tanr\u0131s\u0131), Khnum, Satet ve Anuket (Elephantine \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcs\u00fc), Ptah (Memphis\u2019in tanr\u0131s\u0131) ve hatta Amun (Thebes\u2019in tanr\u0131s\u0131)<\/strong> gibi geleneksel tanr\u0131lar\u0131 tasvir eden adak nesneleri, steller ve duvar resimleri<\/strong> bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mezar s\u00fcslemelerinde Aten\u2019in geleneksel tanr\u0131larla birlikte tasvir edilmesi<\/strong>, bu eserlerin Akhenaten\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda m\u0131 yoksa sonras\u0131nda m\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> konusunda belirsizlik yaratmaktad\u0131r. Akhetaten d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki nekropollerde g\u00f6m\u00fclen \u00f6l\u00fclerin, Aten tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131nda m\u0131 yoksa kendi \u015fehirlerinde mi sunular ald\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> da bilinmemektedir. Memphis nekropol\u00fc<\/strong>, bu d\u00f6neme ait bir\u00e7ok mezar\u0131n hen\u00fcz ke\u015ffedilmemi\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, daha fazla ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya ihtiya\u00e7 duymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amarna D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde sivil y\u00f6netimin nas\u0131l i\u015fledi\u011fi<\/strong> de tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Akhetaten, Thebes\u2019in yerine dini merkez olarak ge\u00e7ti<\/strong>, ancak Memphis\u2019in yerine y\u00f6netim merkezi olarak ge\u00e7ip ge\u00e7medi\u011fi<\/strong> belirsizdir. \u0130ki vezirden biri Amarna\u2019da bulunuyordu<\/strong>, ancak di\u011feri Memphis\u2019te kalmaya devam etti<\/strong>. Memphis\u2019in, Amarna D\u00f6nemi boyunca M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n y\u00f6netim merkezi olarak kald\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Saite D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde<\/strong> de benzer bir durum ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: 26. Hanedan krallar\u0131, Sais\u2019i ba\u015fkent olarak kullanm\u0131\u015f<\/strong>, ancak Memphis, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n y\u00f6netim merkezi olmaya devam etmi\u015ftir<\/strong>. Bu durum, B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra onun naa\u015f\u0131n\u0131n Alexandria\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 ve \u015fehrin Ptolemaios ve Roma M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n\u0131n merkezi haline gelmesine kadar s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amarna D\u00f6nemi Sonras\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amarna D\u00f6nemi yaln\u0131zca yirmi y\u0131l s\u00fcrmesine ra\u011fmen, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n dini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel tarihinde en \u00f6nemli olaylardan biri olarak kabul edilir. Akhenaten\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, \u00fclke geleneksel dine geri d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de, asl\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir \u015fey eskisi gibi olmad\u0131. Bu de\u011fi\u015fiklikler \u00f6zellikle se\u00e7kinlerin mezar d\u00fczenlemelerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mezar Mimarisi ve Cenaze K\u00fclt\u00fc<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Memphis\u2019te, tap\u0131naklara benzeyen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z mezarlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thebes\u2019te, geleneksel kaya mezarlar\u0131 kullan\u0131lmaya devam etti, ancak Osiris k\u00fclt\u00fcyle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmi\u015f \u00f6zel cenaze tap\u0131naklar\u0131 olarak yeniden tasarland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osiris, Akhenaten taraf\u0131ndan yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ancak Amarna sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Ra\u2019n\u0131n gece tezah\u00fcr\u00fc olarak kabul edildi ve cenaze rit\u00fcellerindeki rol\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde artt\u0131. Piramit sembol\u00fc, art\u0131k sadece kraliyet ailesine ait olmaktan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p, \u00f6zel mezarlar\u0131n merkezi \u015fapellerinde de kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Mezar stellerinde, Ra ve Osiris\u2019in s\u0131rt s\u0131rta oturdu\u011fu sahneler s\u0131k\u00e7a yer ald\u0131.Tap\u0131naklarda bulunan tanr\u0131 heykelleri, art\u0131k \u00f6zel mezarlarda da g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mezar Dekorasyonu ve Dini Metinler<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mezar duvar resimleri, art\u0131k sahibinin kariyerini de\u011fil, Ra, Osiris ve di\u011fer tanr\u0131lara tap\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyordu.\u00d6l\u00fcler, uzun pileli keten giysi ve s\u00fcsl\u00fc peruklarla tasvir ediliyordu. \u015eabti fig\u00fcrleri ve lahitler, art\u0131k mumya \u015feklinde de\u011fil, g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayatta giyilen k\u0131yafetlerle g\u00f6steriliyordu. Tutankhamun\u2019un erken d\u00f6neminde, \u00f6l\u00fclerin kral i\u00e7in sunular sundu\u011fu sahneler tamamen ortadan kalkt\u0131 ve Osiris tahtta oturan fig\u00fcr olarak yer ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6l\u00fcler Kitab\u0131\u2019ndan al\u0131nan dini sahneler ve metinler, mezar s\u00fcslemelerinde bask\u0131n hale geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ra Litanyas\u0131 ve Yeralt\u0131 Kitaplar\u0131 gibi kraliyet cenaze metinleri, art\u0131k \u00f6zel mezarlarda da kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amarna D\u00f6nemi\u2019ne Tepki ve Yeni Dini Anlay\u0131\u015f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Akhenaten\u2019in cenaze k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fc tamamen tekeline almas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bir tepki olarak, mezar sahipleri kendi tap\u0131naklar\u0131nda tanr\u0131lara do\u011frudan ibadet etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kral\u0131n dini arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131k en aza indirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

200 y\u0131l sonra, Thebes\u2019te Amun\u2019un do\u011frudan M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 y\u00f6netti\u011fi teokratik sistem ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amun\u2019un kehanetler yoluyla halk\u0131 y\u00f6netti\u011fi inanc\u0131, Amarna sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemin en b\u00fcy\u00fck dini de\u011fi\u015fimlerinden biri oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tutanchamun<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tutankhamun, \u00e7ocuk ya\u015fta tahta \u00e7\u0131kan ve k\u0131sa s\u00fcren h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla M\u0131s\u0131r tarihinin \u00f6nemli fig\u00fcrlerinden biri olan bir firavundu. Tutankhaten<\/strong> ad\u0131yla Amarna\u2019da tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra, muhtemelen ilk h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7inde<\/strong>, babas\u0131 Akhenaten\u2019in kurdu\u011fu \u015fehri terk etti. Memphis\u2019e<\/strong> ta\u015f\u0131nan saray, geleneksel y\u00f6netim merkezine geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc ve Thebes yeniden M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n dini merkezi oldu<\/strong>. Firavunun ad\u0131 Tutankhamun<\/strong> olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirildi ve “G\u00fcney Heliopolis\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131”<\/strong> unvan\u0131 eklendi. Bu, Karnak\u2019\u0131n Amun-Ra k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fcn merkezi olarak yeniden \u00f6nem kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> g\u00f6steriyordu. E\u015fi ve \u00fcvey k\u0131z karde\u015fi Ankhesenpaaten\u2019in ad\u0131 da Ankhesenamun olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirildi<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tutankhamun\u2019un \u00e7ocuk ya\u015fta tahta \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131, hanedan tarihinde bir ilk de\u011fildi. Thutmose III ve Amenhotep III<\/strong> de gen\u00e7 ya\u015fta h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olmu\u015ftu, ancak onlar\u0131n d\u00f6neminde Hatshepsut ve Mutemwiya gibi kraliyet ailesinden kad\u0131nlar naip olarak g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131<\/strong>. Tutankhamun\u2019un d\u00f6neminde b\u00f6yle bir se\u00e7enek yoktu, bu y\u00fczden ordunun ba\u015fkomutan\u0131 Horemheb<\/strong> naip olarak y\u00f6netimi \u00fcstlendi. Horemheb\u2019in unvanlar\u0131<\/strong>, e\u011fer Tutankhamun varis b\u0131rakmadan \u00f6l\u00fcrse tahta ge\u00e7me hakk\u0131na sahip oldu\u011funu<\/strong> g\u00f6steriyordu. Nitekim, Tutankhamun\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Horemheb firavun oldu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amarna D\u00f6nemi\u2019nin Sonu ve Restorasyon<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Tutankhamun\u2019un h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli belgelerinden biri Restorasyon Stelidir<\/strong>. Bu belge, Akhenaten\u2019in reformlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclkeyi harap etti\u011fini<\/strong> ve tanr\u0131lar\u0131n terk etti\u011fini<\/strong> anlat\u0131yordu. Tap\u0131naklar y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, tanr\u0131lar\u0131n ibadetleri kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131<\/strong>. Ordunun Suriye\u2019de ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olmas\u0131<\/strong>, muhtemelen askeri liderlerin Amarna politikas\u0131na deste\u011fini \u00e7ekmesine neden oldu<\/strong>. Akhenaten d\u00f6neminde Mitanni Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 Hititler taraf\u0131ndan yenilmi\u015fti<\/strong>, bu da M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n kuzeydeki vassallar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na girmesine<\/strong> yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Tutankhamun\u2019un tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131yla birlikte, ordu \u00fczerindeki k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131<\/strong> ve Horemheb\u2019in Hititlerle askeri \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara girdi\u011fi<\/strong> d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tap\u0131naklar\u0131n Yeniden \u0130n\u015fas\u0131 ve Y\u00f6netim Reformlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Tutankhamun d\u00f6neminde geleneksel tap\u0131naklar\u0131n restorasyonu ve y\u00f6netimin yeniden d\u00fczenlenmesi<\/strong> i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kampanya ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131. Maliye Bakan\u0131 Maya<\/strong>, Delta\u2019dan Elephantine\u2019e kadar tap\u0131naklar\u0131 ziyaret ederek vergileri toplad\u0131<\/strong>. Aten tap\u0131naklar\u0131na y\u00f6nlendirilen gelirler, geleneksel tanr\u0131lara geri verildi<\/strong>. Horemheb\u2019in Karnak Ferman\u0131\u2019nda<\/strong> anlat\u0131lan baz\u0131 reformlar, muhtemelen Tutankhamun d\u00f6neminde ba\u015flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maya ayr\u0131ca Akhenaten\u2019in tap\u0131naklar\u0131n\u0131 ve saraylar\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131kma s\u00fcrecini y\u00f6netti<\/strong>. Thebes\u2019teki ta\u015f bloklar<\/strong>, Luxor ve Karnak\u2019taki yeni in\u015faatlar\u0131n temellerinde kullan\u0131ld\u0131<\/strong>. Krallar Vadisi\u2019nde Akhenaten\u2019in kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir mezara ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Maya, Tutankhamun ve halefi Ay\u2019\u0131n defin i\u015flemlerini<\/strong> de y\u00f6netti ve Horemheb\u2019in mezar\u0131 i\u00e7in Deir el-Medina\u2019daki i\u015f\u00e7i k\u00f6y\u00fcn\u00fc yeniden organize etti<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tutankhamun\u2019un k\u0131sa h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Amarna D\u00f6nemi\u2019nin sona ermesini ve geleneksel M\u0131s\u0131r dininin yeniden canlanmas\u0131n\u0131<\/strong> sa\u011flad\u0131. Ancak, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Horemheb\u2019in tahta \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla, Akhenaten\u2019in miras\u0131 tamamen silinmeye ba\u015flad\u0131<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. Rameses<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ramses I, 19. Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilk h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 olarak M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da \u00f6nemli bir ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemini ba\u015flatt\u0131. \u00d6nceki firavunlardan farkl\u0131 olarak, kraliyet soyundan gelmiyordu, ancak Horemheb taraf\u0131ndan halefi olarak atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kral olmadan \u00f6nce, Paramessu (daha sonra Ramses I olarak bilinen ki\u015fi) Horemheb\u2019in veziri olarak g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131 ve Sile Kalesi\u2019nin komutan\u0131 dahil olmak \u00fczere askeri unvanlara sahipti. Bu kale, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 Suriye-Filistin\u2019e ba\u011flayan \u00f6nemli bir ge\u00e7i\u015f noktas\u0131yd\u0131. Onun atanmas\u0131, Horemheb\u2019in askeri istikrara verdi\u011fi \u00f6nemi ve \u00f6zellikle M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n kuzey b\u00f6lgelerindeki g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flama \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Stone head carving of Paramessu (Ramesses I), originally part of a statue depicting him as a scribe; on display at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Paramessu\u2019nun ailesi Avaris\u2019ten geliyordu, buras\u0131 Hyksoslar\u0131n eski ba\u015fkentiydi. Yerel tanr\u0131 Seth, Kenanl\u0131 tanr\u0131 Baal ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131 ve Ramses I\u2019in soyunda \u00f6nemli bir rol oynuyordu. Horemheb, Avaris\u2019te Seth i\u00e7in bir tap\u0131nak in\u015fa etti, bu da Seth\u2019in \u00f6nemini art\u0131rd\u0131. Ramessid kraliyet ailesi, Seth\u2019i ilahi atalar\u0131 olarak kabul etti. Heliopolis\u2019ten gelen bir dikilita\u015f, Seti I\u2019i Seth ba\u015fl\u0131 bir sfenks olarak tasvir ediyor, Ra-Atum\u2019a sunular sunarken g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Horemheb \u00e7ocuksuz \u00f6ld\u00fc, bu da Paramessu\u2019nun Ramses I olarak tahta \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131 (M\u00d6 1295-1294). H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sadece bir y\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fc, ancak 19. Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurdu. O\u011flu Seti I, zaten yeti\u015fkin biriydi ve \u00f6nemli dini ve askeri unvanlara sahipti. Seti I, vezir ve Sile komutan\u0131 olarak atand\u0131, bu da onun Seth ve di\u011fer Delta tanr\u0131lar\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi. Horemheb\u2019in Ta\u00e7 Giyme Metni, tap\u0131naklara ordu i\u00e7inden se\u00e7ilmi\u015f rahipler atand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor. Emekli askerler genellikle rahip olarak atan\u0131yordu, bu da Seti I\u2019in babas\u0131 tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda gen\u00e7 olmayabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ramses I\u2019in k\u0131sa h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131ndan baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 yeti\u015ftiren bir hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131 temsil ediyordu. Seti I ve Ramses II (B\u00fcy\u00fck Ramses) gibi firavunlar, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc geni\u015fletip peki\u015ftirdi ve Ramses I\u2019in askeri ve dini politikalar\u0131, gelecek y\u0131llarda M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n y\u00f6netiminde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seti 1<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seti I, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n geleneksel dini yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yeniden canland\u0131ran en \u00f6nemli h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlardan biri olarak kabul edilir. Amarna D\u00f6nemi\u2019nde zarar g\u00f6ren tap\u0131naklar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n restorasyonu onun d\u00f6neminde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti ve \u00f6nceki firavunlar\u0131n \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015farak geleneksel ibadet yerlerini yeniden in\u015fa etti. Akhenaten taraf\u0131ndan yok edilen Amun\u2019un isimleri ve tasvirleri yeniden oyuldu, b\u00f6ylece M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n eski dini d\u00fczeni geri getirildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seti I, sadece restorasyonla yetinmeyip kendi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli in\u015faat projelerini de ba\u015flatt\u0131<\/strong>. Thebes, Abydos, Memphis ve Heliopolis gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck dini merkezlerde yeni tap\u0131naklar in\u015fa edildi veya mevcut yap\u0131lar geni\u015fletildi<\/strong>. Avaris\u2019teki Seth Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 da bu d\u00f6nemde \u00f6nemli bir yap\u0131 olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131<\/strong>. Seth\u2019in k\u00fclt\u00fc, Ramessid hanedan\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde desteklendi<\/strong> ve Avaris, bu tanr\u0131n\u0131n ibadet merkezi haline geldi<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seti I\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n geleneksel dinine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc ve Akhenaten\u2019in reformlar\u0131n\u0131n tamamen terk edilmesini<\/strong> simgeliyordu. Onun y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131nda, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n dini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131s\u0131 yeniden \u015fekillendi ve eski tanr\u0131lar tekrar \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seti I, Ramessid h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n yeni Delta ikametgah\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturacak \u015fekilde Avaris\u2019i geli\u015ftirdi. Karnak\u2019ta, Horemheb taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lan B\u00fcy\u00fck Hipostil Salonu\u2019nun<\/strong> in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu yap\u0131, Abd el-Qurna\u2019daki kendi cenaze tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131yla<\/strong> ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131yd\u0131 ve Nil\u2019in bat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda, Karnak\u2019\u0131n tam kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda<\/strong> yer al\u0131yordu. Hatshepsut\u2019un Deir el-Bahri\u2019deki tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131 restore etti<\/strong> ve bu yap\u0131lar, Y\u0131ll\u0131k G\u00fczel Vadi Bayram\u0131<\/strong> i\u00e7in g\u00f6rkemli bir ortam sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu festivalde Karnak\u2019taki Amun, bat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki tanr\u0131lar\u0131 ziyaret ederken<\/strong>, halk da atalar\u0131n\u0131n mezarlar\u0131na giderek onlarla birlikte yemek yiyip kutlamalar yap\u0131yordu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seti I, Abydos\u2019ta Osiris i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir cenotaph tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 in\u015fa etti<\/strong>. Bu yap\u0131, Orta Krall\u0131k ve erken 18. Hanedan \u00f6rneklerini takip ediyordu<\/strong>. Bu tap\u0131nakta yer alan \u00fcnl\u00fc kral listesi<\/strong>, Osiris\u2019e sunulan adak k\u00fclt\u00fcne kat\u0131lan kraliyet atalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eriyordu<\/strong> ve Amarna D\u00f6nemi\u2019nin resmi kay\u0131tlardan tamamen silindi\u011fini g\u00f6steren ilk kan\u0131t\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131<\/strong>. Bu listede Amenhotep III\u2019\u00fcn do\u011frudan Horemheb\u2019in ard\u0131ndan geldi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir<\/strong> ve di\u011fer kaynaklar, Akhenaten\u2019den Ay\u2019a kadar olan h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n Horemheb\u2019in y\u0131llar\u0131na eklendi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seti I\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli in\u015faat projeleri<\/strong>, Sinai\u2019deki eski ta\u015f ocaklar\u0131n\u0131 ve madenleri yeniden a\u00e7mas\u0131yla<\/strong> m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu. \u00d6nceki firavunlar gibi, Nubia\u2019ya seferler d\u00fczenleyerek esirler toplad\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131 ucuz i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc olarak kulland\u0131<\/strong>. Bu Nubia seferleri ayn\u0131 zamanda g\u00fcvenlik amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yordu<\/strong>, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc in\u015faat projelerinin finansman\u0131, Nubia ve Do\u011fu \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019ndeki alt\u0131n madenlerinden sa\u011flan\u0131yordu<\/strong>. \u00d6zellikle Do\u011fu \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019ndeki madenler, Abydos\u2019taki b\u00fcy\u00fck Osiris tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in i\u015fletiliyordu<\/strong>. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 9. y\u0131l\u0131nda, bu madenlere giden yol \u00fczerinde bir dinlenme yeri, yeni bir kuyu ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir tap\u0131nak in\u015fa edildi<\/strong>. Ancak Nubia\u2019da daha uzak b\u00f6lgelerdeki k\u00e2rl\u0131 madenlere eri\u015fimi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in yeni bir kuyu a\u00e7ma giri\u015fimi ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seti I, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Filistin ve Suriye\u2019deki topraklar\u0131ndan gelen kaynaklar\u0131 yeniden g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almak i\u00e7in askeri seferler d\u00fczenledi<\/strong>. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilk y\u0131l\u0131nda, G\u00fcney Filistin\u2019deki \u015easu kabilelerine kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 bir askeri operasyon ba\u015flatt\u0131<\/strong>. K\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra kuzeye do\u011fru daha b\u00fcy\u00fck askeri seferler d\u00fczenledi<\/strong>. Daha sonraki bir sava\u015fta, o d\u00f6nemde Hititler taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilen topraklara girdi ve Qadesh\u2019i yeniden fethetti<\/strong>. Bu zafer, Amurru\u2019nun M\u0131s\u0131r taraf\u0131na ge\u00e7mesine neden oldu<\/strong>. Ancak, bu durum Hititlerle yeni bir sava\u015fa yol a\u00e7t\u0131 ve her iki vassal devlet tekrar kaybedildi<\/strong>. Bu sava\u015f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, dikkatli bir bar\u0131\u015f d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flad\u0131<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seti I, ayn\u0131 zamanda bat\u0131 Delta s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda Libyal\u0131 kabilelerin sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fan ilk firavun oldu<\/strong>. Bu kabileler, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde k\u0131tl\u0131k nedeniyle M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a ak\u0131n ediyordu<\/strong> ve ilerleyen y\u0131llarda M\u0131s\u0131r i\u00e7in s\u00fcrekli bir tehdit olu\u015fturmaya devam ettiler<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seti I’nin h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n bat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda Libyal\u0131 kabilelerin ilk yerle\u015fim giri\u015fimleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Ancak, bu ilk yerle\u015fim giri\u015fimi hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok az bilgi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Seti I\u2019nin Libyal\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fczenledi\u011fi sefer, b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle Hititlerle olan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karnak\u2019taki B\u00fcy\u00fck Hipostil Salonu\u2019nun kuzey d\u0131\u015f duvar\u0131nda yer alan kabartmalar, Libya ve Suriye seferlerini belgeliyor. Bu kabartmalar, Thutmose IV ve Amenhotep III d\u00f6nemindeki baz\u0131 erken \u00f6rneklere ra\u011fmen, Amarna sanat\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ili\u011finden etkilenmi\u015f yeni bir stil ile yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Geleneksel d\u00fc\u015fman \u00f6ld\u00fcrme sahnelerinden farkl\u0131 olarak, bu sava\u015f kabartmalar\u0131 ger\u00e7ek bir tarihsel olay\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131yormu\u015f gibi bir his uyand\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu kabartmalarda \u00f6nemli bir rol oynayan ki\u015fi, “grup y\u00f6neticisi ve yelpaze ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131” Mehy\u2019dir. Mehy\u2019nin tam ad\u0131 Amenemheb, Horemheb veya benzer bir isim olabilir. Seti I\u2019nin bir\u00e7ok sahnesinde ona e\u015flik eden Mehy, muhtemelen kral\u0131n yerine baz\u0131 seferleri y\u00f6neten g\u00fcvenilir bir askeri subayd\u0131. Ancak, Seti I\u2019nin halefi II. Ramses (M\u00d6 1279-1213), babas\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda sava\u015f alan\u0131ndaki kendi rol\u00fcn\u00fc vurgulamak istedi\u011fi i\u00e7in Mehy\u2019nin isimlerini ve fig\u00fcrlerini sildirmi\u015f ve baz\u0131 sahnelerde kendi ismiyle de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Ramses<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Ramses\u2019in tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ilgili kesin bilgiler bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Seti I\u2019in en y\u00fcksek belgelenmi\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k y\u0131l\u0131 on birinci y\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r, ancak birka\u00e7 y\u0131l daha h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olabilir. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru, tam olarak ne zaman oldu\u011fu bilinmemekle birlikte, o\u011flu ve varisi olan II. Ramses\u2019i e\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olarak atad\u0131. II. Ramses\u2019in tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131yla ilgili kaynaklar, yaln\u0131zca onun tek h\u00fck\u00fcmdar oldu\u011fu d\u00f6neme aittir, bu nedenle e\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k s\u00fcresini ve \u00f6nemini abartm\u0131\u015f olabilir. Ancak, II. Ramses\u2019in bu \u015fekilde krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 devralmas\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir olayd\u0131r.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Ramses, Seti I\u2019in o\u011flu olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle Horemheb\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda do\u011fmu\u015ftur, yani b\u00fcy\u00fckbabas\u0131 Ramses I tahta \u00e7\u0131kmadan \u00f6nce. Bu d\u00f6nemde hem Ramses I hem de Seti I y\u00fcksek devlet g\u00f6revlileri olarak g\u00f6rev yap\u0131yordu. II. Ramses, daha sonra bu durumu gizlemek yerine vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131, t\u0131pk\u0131 Horemheb\u2019in kendi ta\u00e7 giyme metninde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi. Babas\u0131 Seti I kral oldu\u011funda, II. Ramses e\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olarak ta\u00e7 giydi, ancak onun se\u00e7ilme s\u00fcreci Horemheb\u2019in tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131na benziyordu. Veliaht prensin tahta ge\u00e7i\u015fi kesin bir sonu\u00e7 de\u011fildi ve babas\u0131 hayattayken g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekiyordu. Ancak, II. Ramses tek ba\u015f\u0131na h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, 18. Hanedan h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131 me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131ran eski “ilahi kral\u0131n do\u011fu\u015f miti”ne geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Ramses, h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok erken d\u00f6neminde, muhtemelen h\u00e2l\u00e2 babas\u0131 Seti I ile e\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmdarken, ilk askeri seferine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131<\/strong>. Bu sefer, Nubia\u2019daki bir isyan\u0131 bast\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir operasyondu<\/strong>. Beit el-Wali\u2019deki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir kaya tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131nda yer alan kabartmalar<\/strong>, gen\u00e7 kral\u0131 iki \u00e7ocu\u011fuyla birlikte tasvir etmektedir<\/strong>: Veliaht Prens Amunherwenemef ve d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc o\u011flu Khaemwaset<\/strong>. Bu \u00e7ocuklar, sava\u015f arabalar\u0131nda gururla ayakta g\u00f6sterilse de, o d\u00f6nemde hen\u00fcz \u00e7ok gen\u00e7 olmal\u0131lard\u0131<\/strong>. Ramessid D\u00f6nemi boyunca, kraliyet prensleri babalar\u0131n\u0131n an\u0131tlar\u0131nda s\u0131k\u00e7a tasvir edildi<\/strong>. Bu, yeni hanedan\u0131n krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131k tamamen kal\u0131tsal oldu\u011funu vurgulamak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilir<\/strong>. Neredeyse t\u00fcm Ramessid veliaht prensleri, onursal veya ger\u00e7ek anlamda “ordunun ba\u015fkomutan\u0131” unvan\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131<\/strong>, bu unvan ilk kez hanedan\u0131n kurucusu Horemheb taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u0131l\u0131nda<\/strong>, II. Ramses, Suriye\u2019de b\u00fcy\u00fck bir askeri sefer d\u00fczenledi<\/strong>. Bu sefer sonucunda Amurru yeniden M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a ba\u011fland\u0131<\/strong>, ancak bu durum uzun s\u00fcrmedi<\/strong>. Hitit Kral\u0131 Muwatalli, Amurru\u2019yu h\u0131zla geri almak ve M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u0131n daha fazla toprak kazanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in harekete ge\u00e7ti<\/strong>. Bunun sonucunda, II. Ramses bir y\u0131l sonra tekrar Sile s\u0131n\u0131r kalesini ge\u00e7erek do\u011frudan Hititlerle sava\u015fmaya gitti<\/strong>. Bu sava\u015f, antik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fc \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan biri olan Kade\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019yd\u0131<\/strong>. Sava\u015f\u0131n kendisi \u00f6nceki sava\u015flardan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 olmasa da, II. Ramses sava\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zafer olarak sundu<\/strong>. Bu zafer anlat\u0131m\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir propaganda kampanyas\u0131yla t\u00fcm \u00f6nemli tap\u0131naklar\u0131n duvarlar\u0131na kaz\u0131nd\u0131<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ger\u00e7ekte, II. Ramses yanl\u0131\u015f y\u00f6nlendirilmi\u015fti<\/strong>. Hitit kral\u0131n\u0131n kuzeyde Tunip\u2019te oldu\u011fu ve M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131larla y\u00fczle\u015fmekten korktu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyordu<\/strong>, ancak asl\u0131nda Kade\u015f\u2019in hemen yak\u0131n\u0131nda bulunuyordu<\/strong>. II. Ramses, d\u00f6rt ordusundan yaln\u0131zca biriyle Kade\u015f\u2019e h\u0131zla ilerledi<\/strong>, ancak bir anda Hitit kral\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck ordusuyla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131<\/strong>. Muwatalli \u00f6nce ilerleyen M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n ikinci t\u00fcmenini yok etti<\/strong>, ard\u0131ndan II. Ramses ve birliklerini ezmek i\u00e7in geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc<\/strong>. II. Ramses, sava\u015f\u0131n sonraki anlat\u0131mlar\u0131nda, bu an\u0131 ger\u00e7ek zafer an\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131<\/strong>. Hatta, en yak\u0131n yard\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 bile onu terk etmeye haz\u0131rken, babas\u0131 Amun\u2019a seslenerek yard\u0131m istedi ve neredeyse tek ba\u015f\u0131na sava\u015farak d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtt\u00fc<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Ramses, Kade\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Hitit sald\u0131rganlar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, babas\u0131 Amun\u2019a dua ederek yard\u0131m istedi. Amun, Ramses\u2019in dualar\u0131n\u0131 duydu ve tam zaman\u0131nda Amurru k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndan gelen M\u0131s\u0131r destek kuvvetlerini sava\u015f alan\u0131na y\u00f6nlendirdi<\/strong>. Bu kuvvetler, Hititleri arkadan sald\u0131rarak Ramses\u2019in ordusuyla birlikte d\u00fc\u015fman sava\u015f arabalar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 yok etti<\/strong>. Geri kalan Hitit birlikleri ka\u00e7t\u0131 ve bir\u00e7o\u011fu Orontes Nehri\u2019ne d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc<\/strong>. Sava\u015f\u0131n sonunda \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc M\u0131s\u0131r t\u00fcmeni geldi, ard\u0131ndan g\u00fcn bat\u0131m\u0131nda d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc t\u00fcmen de sava\u015fa kat\u0131ld\u0131<\/strong>. M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar, ertesi sabah d\u00fc\u015fmanla tekrar y\u00fczle\u015fmeye haz\u0131rd\u0131<\/strong>. Ancak, M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 sava\u015f arabalar\u0131 art\u0131k Hititlerden daha fazla olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Muwatalli\u2019nin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ordusu direnmeye devam etti ve sava\u015f \u00e7\u0131kmaza girdi<\/strong>. Ramses, Hititlerin bar\u0131\u015f teklifini reddetti, ancak bir ate\u015fkes kabul edildi<\/strong>. M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar, bir\u00e7ok sava\u015f esiri ve ganimetle geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc, ancak hedeflerine ula\u015famad\u0131lar<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonraki y\u0131llarda, Suriye-Filistin b\u00f6lgesinde birka\u00e7 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fand\u0131<\/strong>, ancak M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar bu b\u00f6lgeleri ele ge\u00e7irdikten sonra, ordular geri \u00e7ekildi\u011finde vassal devletler h\u0131zla Hititlere geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc<\/strong>. M\u0131s\u0131r, Kade\u015f ve Amurru\u2019yu hi\u00e7bir zaman kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak geri alamad\u0131<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Ramses\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 16. y\u0131l\u0131nda<\/strong>, Muwatalli\u2019nin gen\u00e7 o\u011flu Urhi-Teshub (Mursili III olarak bilinir), amcas\u0131 Hattusili III taraf\u0131ndan tahttan indirildi<\/strong>. \u0130ki y\u0131l sonra, \u00f6nce Babillilerden, sonra Asurlulardan yard\u0131m alarak taht\u0131n\u0131 geri kazanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ancak ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu ve sonunda M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a ka\u00e7t\u0131<\/strong>. Hattusili, Urhi-Teshub\u2019un iadesini talep etti, ancak M\u0131s\u0131r bu talebi reddetti<\/strong>. Bu durum, Hititlerin M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 yeni bir sava\u015f ba\u015flatmaya haz\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyordu<\/strong>. Ancak, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Asurlular, Hititlere ba\u011fl\u0131 Hanigalbat\u2019\u0131 fethederek Karhem\u0131\u015f ve Hitit \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu tehdit etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131<\/strong>. Bu ciddi tehdit kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, Hattusili M\u0131s\u0131r ile bar\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerini ba\u015flatmak zorunda kald\u0131<\/strong> ve bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler, II. Ramses\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 21. y\u0131l\u0131nda resmi bir bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar, Kade\u015f ve Amurru\u2019nun kayb\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmek zorunda kald\u0131<\/strong>, ancak bu bar\u0131\u015f, kuzey cephesinde yeni bir istikrar sa\u011flad\u0131<\/strong>. Euphrates, Karadeniz ve Do\u011fu Ege\u2019ye a\u00e7\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131rlarla, uluslararas\u0131 ticaret Amenhotep III d\u00f6neminden beri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir \u015fekilde geli\u015fti<\/strong>. Bu bar\u0131\u015f ayn\u0131 zamanda II. Ramses\u2019in bat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na odaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131<\/strong>, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Libyal\u0131 istilac\u0131lar \u00f6zellikle Delta b\u00f6lgesinde s\u00fcrekli bir tehdit olu\u015fturuyordu<\/strong>. II. Ramses, Delta\u2019n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in bir dizi tahkimat in\u015fa etti<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 34. y\u0131l\u0131nda<\/strong>, Hititlerle olan ba\u011flar daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lendi<\/strong>. II. Ramses, Hattusili\u2019nin k\u0131zlar\u0131ndan biriyle evlendi<\/strong>. Bu prenses b\u00fcy\u00fck bir t\u00f6renle kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131 ve kendisine M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da “Neferura-Horus\u2019u G\u00f6ren” ad\u0131 verildi<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Ramses\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 boyunca yedi kad\u0131n “b\u00fcy\u00fck kraliyet e\u015fi” unvan\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, babas\u0131yla e\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmdar oldu\u011funda, kendisine g\u00fczel kad\u0131nlarla dolu bir harem sunulmu\u015ftu. Ancak, iki ana e\u015fi vard\u0131: Nefertari ve Isetnefret. Her ikisi de ona bir\u00e7ok o\u011ful ve k\u0131z \u00e7ocuk do\u011furdu. Nefertari, h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 25. y\u0131l\u0131na kadar “b\u00fcy\u00fck kraliyet e\u015fi” olarak kald\u0131, ancak \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra bu unvan Isetnefret\u2019e ge\u00e7ti. Isetnefret, Hitit prensesi M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a gelmeden k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Ramses\u2019in d\u00f6rt k\u0131z\u0131 da “b\u00fcy\u00fck kraliyet e\u015fi” unvan\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131: Henutmira (uzun s\u00fcre k\u0131z\u0131ndan \u00e7ok k\u0131z karde\u015fi oldu\u011fu san\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131), Bintanat, Merytamun ve Nebettawy. Bunlar, kral\u0131n en y\u00fcksek stat\u00fcye sahip k\u0131zlar\u0131yd\u0131. II. Ramses\u2019in en az k\u0131rk k\u0131z\u0131 ve k\u0131rk be\u015f o\u011flu vard\u0131. Bir\u00e7o\u011fu, babalar\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fa etti\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck tap\u0131naklar\u0131n duvarlar\u0131nda uzun ge\u00e7it t\u00f6renlerinde tasvir edilmi\u015ftir. II. Ramses, bir\u00e7ok \u00e7ocu\u011fundan daha uzun ya\u015fad\u0131. Bu \u00e7ocuklar, Krallar Vadisi\u2019ndeki devasa KV 5 mezar\u0131nda birbiri ard\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc. Bu mezar, II. Ramses\u2019in Saqqara\u2019da Ptah tanr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kutsal Apis bo\u011falar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6m\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in in\u015fa etti\u011fi yeralt\u0131 galerilerine benziyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Ramses, uzun h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 boyunca b\u00fcy\u00fck bir in\u015faat program\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc. Amenhotep III taraf\u0131ndan in\u015fa edilen ve 18. Hanedan firavunlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan tamamlanan Luxor\u2019daki Amun Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131\u2019na b\u00fcy\u00fck bir s\u00fctunlu avlu ve pylon ekledi. Bu avlu, tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n geri kalan\u0131na g\u00f6re ilgin\u00e7 bir a\u00e7\u0131yla planlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, muhtemelen Nil\u2019in kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki cenaze tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 Ramesseum ile do\u011frudan bir hat olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in. Bu, babas\u0131n\u0131n Karnak\u2019taki B\u00fcy\u00fck Hipostil Salonu ve Abd el-Qurna\u2019daki tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131yla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131na benziyordu. II. Ramses ayr\u0131ca Abydos\u2019ta Osiris i\u00e7in bir tap\u0131nak in\u015fa etti, babas\u0131n\u0131n tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131ndan daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ama ayn\u0131 derecede g\u00fczel bir yap\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n geri kalan\u0131nda, \u00fclkeyi tap\u0131naklar ve heykellerle doldurdu. Bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu \u00f6nceki h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlardan ald\u0131. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da II. Ramses\u2019in kartu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 neredeyse hi\u00e7bir an\u0131t yoktur. \u00d6zellikle etkileyici olan, A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Nubia\u2019daki sekiz kaya tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131d\u0131r, bunlar\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fcleri Abu Simbel\u2019deki iki tap\u0131nakt\u0131r. Bu tap\u0131naklar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, yerel kabilelerden toplanan i\u015f\u00e7ilerle in\u015fa edildi, Wadi es-Sebua\u2019daki tap\u0131nak, Nubia valisi Setau taraf\u0131ndan, h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 44. y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen bir bask\u0131ndan sonra yapt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Ramses, \u00f6nceki h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlara ait y\u00fczlerce tanr\u0131 ve kral heykelini sahiplendi. \u00d6zellikle Amarna D\u00f6nemi\u2019nden \u00f6nceki son kral olan Amenhotep III taraf\u0131ndan yapt\u0131r\u0131lan heykelleri tercih etti. Ayr\u0131ca, Klasik D\u00f6nem\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 olan 12. Hanedan firavunlar\u0131n\u0131n yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 heykelleri de benimsedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Ramses\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Amarna D\u00f6nemi\u2019nin radikal kopu\u015fundan sonra M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n yeniden \u015fekillenmesi s\u00fcrecinde \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131. Ramessid d\u00f6nemi, Eski ve Orta Krall\u0131k\u2019\u0131n klasik yazarlar\u0131na olan ilginin yeniden canlanmas\u0131yla karakterize edildi. Ptahhotep ve Kagemni gibi eski bilginlerin \u00f6\u011fretileri, Neferti ve \u0130puwer\u2019in kaos tasvirleri gibi metinler, bu d\u00f6nemde tekrar \u00f6nem kazand\u0131. Ramessid yazmanlar\u0131, bu eski eserlerin e\u015fsiz oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fckleri i\u00e7in, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f edebiyat\u0131 klasik M\u0131s\u0131r dili yerine Akhenaten d\u00f6neminde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan modern dilde yazd\u0131lar. Bu d\u00f6nemde a\u015fk \u015fiirleri, halk hik\u00e2yeleri ve mitolojik anlat\u0131lar, s\u00f6zl\u00fc gelenekten beslenerek yaz\u0131ya ge\u00e7irildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Ramses, Avaris kentini geni\u015fleterek onu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir Delta ba\u015fkenti haline getirdi. Bu \u015fehir, Piramesse (“Ramses\u2019in Evi”) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u0130ncil\u2019deki Raamses olarak bilinir. Piramesse\u2019nin tam konumu uzun s\u00fcre tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131yd\u0131, ancak Tell el-Dab\u2019a ve Qantir\u2019deki geni\u015f kal\u0131nt\u0131larla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirildi\u011fi art\u0131k kesin olarak kabul edilmektedir. \u015eehir, Sile s\u0131n\u0131r kalesine ve Filistin ile Suriye\u2019deki eyaletlere giden yol \u00fczerinde stratejik bir konuma sahipti. Ayr\u0131ca, Nil\u2019in Pelusiac kolu boyunca yer al\u0131yordu ve k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n en \u00f6nemli uluslararas\u0131 ticaret merkezi ve askeri \u00fcss\u00fc haline geldi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Piramesse\u2019de Asya k\u00f6kenli etkiler her zaman g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcyd\u00fc, ancak bu d\u00f6nemde Baal, Reshep, Hauron, Anat ve Astarte gibi bir\u00e7ok yabanc\u0131 tanr\u0131 burada ibadet edilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. \u015eehirde bir\u00e7ok yabanc\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131 ve baz\u0131lar\u0131 y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbeli devlet g\u00f6revlisi oldu. \u00d6zellikle “kraliyet k\u00e2hyas\u0131” unvan\u0131, genellikle yabanc\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcstlenilen \u00f6nemli bir y\u00f6netici pozisyonuydu. Bu ki\u015filer, normal b\u00fcrokratik hiyerar\u015finin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6zel kraliyet g\u00f6revleriyle g\u00f6revlendiriliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hititlerle yap\u0131lan bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu olarak, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n eski d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 olan Hititler taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6nderilen uzman zanaatk\u00e2rlar, Piramesse\u2019deki silah at\u00f6lyelerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lara en yeni silah teknolojisini \u00f6\u011frettiler. \u00d6zellikle Hitit kalkanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretimi b\u00fcy\u00fck talep g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. Bu d\u00f6nemde M\u0131s\u0131r ordusunda bir\u00e7ok yabanc\u0131 asker bulunuyordu, bunlar sava\u015f esiri olarak M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a gelmi\u015f ve daha sonra \u00fclkenin sava\u015f birliklerine kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Ramses\u2019in bir\u00e7ok y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbeli yetkilisi Piramesse\u2019de ya\u015fad\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ancak \u00e7o\u011fu Memphis nekropol\u00fcnde g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc. Ramessid D\u00f6nemi\u2019ne ait yakla\u015f\u0131k otuz be\u015f mezar burada kaz\u0131ld\u0131 ve baz\u0131lar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck yap\u0131lar i\u00e7eriyordu. Bu mezarlar h\u00e2l\u00e2 M\u0131s\u0131r tap\u0131naklar\u0131 \u015feklinde in\u015fa ediliyordu, ancak \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nem mezarlar\u0131na k\u0131yasla farkl\u0131 \u00f6zellikler ta\u015f\u0131yordu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Ramses\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, 18. Hanedan\u2019\u0131n son d\u00f6nemine k\u0131yasla mezar yap\u0131m kalitesinde belirgin bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ya\u015fand\u0131. \u00d6nceki mezarlar, sa\u011flam kerpi\u00e7 duvarlar ve i\u00e7 y\u00fczeylere yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 kaplamalarla in\u015fa edilirken, bu d\u00f6nemde duvarlar tamamen \u00e7ift s\u0131ra kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131 bloklardan olu\u015fuyordu ve aralar\u0131ndaki bo\u015fluklar molozla dolduruluyordu. Ayn\u0131 teknik, pylonlar ve piramitler i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131n kalitesi genellikle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, bloklar dikkatlice birbirine uyacak \u015fekilde yerle\u015ftirilmek yerine, aralar\u0131ndaki bo\u015fluklar bol miktarda s\u0131va ile dolduruldu. Kabartmalar\u0131n kalitesi de \u00f6nceki mezarlara k\u0131yasla daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyedeydi. Bu genel i\u015f\u00e7ilik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, \u00fclke genelinde g\u00f6zlemlenebilir, hatta kral\u0131n kendi tap\u0131naklar\u0131nda bile. \u0130ki ana kabartma tekni\u011finden, daha \u00fcst\u00fcn ancak daha zaman al\u0131c\u0131 ve pahal\u0131 olan kabartma kabartma (raised relief) h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131ndan sonra neredeyse tamamen ortadan kalkt\u0131 ve yerini daha yayg\u0131n olan \u00e7ukur kabartmaya (sunk relief) b\u0131rakt\u0131. Genel olarak, II. Ramses\u2019in an\u0131tlar\u0131, incelik ve m\u00fckemmellikten \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckleri ve say\u0131lar\u0131yla etkileyici olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Ramses, Amenhotep III\u2019ten sonra birden fazla sed-festivali kutlayan ilk kral oldu. \u0130lk festival h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 30. y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti ve ard\u0131ndan 13 festival daha d\u00fczenlendi. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ll\u0131k aral\u0131klarla kutlan\u0131rken, ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru her y\u0131l d\u00fczenlenmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Amenhotep III, \u00fc\u00e7 j\u00fcbilesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda tanr\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ancak II. Ramses, b\u00fcy\u00fck selefine k\u0131yasla daha az sab\u0131rl\u0131yd\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sekizinci y\u0131l\u0131nda, “Tanr\u0131 Ramses” ad\u0131 verilen devasa bir heykelin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Benzer isimlere sahip devasa heykeller, t\u00fcm b\u00fcy\u00fck tap\u0131naklar\u0131n giri\u015flerinde ve pylonlar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde dikildi ve bu heykeller d\u00fczenli olarak ibadet edilen ve halk taraf\u0131ndan tap\u0131n\u0131lan nesneler haline geldi. Tap\u0131naklar\u0131n i\u00e7inde, “Tanr\u0131 Ramses” kendi k\u00fclt imaj\u0131na ve di\u011fer tanr\u0131larla birlikte ta\u015f\u0131nan bir t\u00f6ren kay\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahipti. Kabartmalarda, II. Ramses s\u0131k s\u0131k kendi tanr\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haline sunular sunarken tasvir edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Ramses\u2019in bir\u00e7ok y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbeli o\u011flu aras\u0131nda, Krali\u00e7e Isetnefret\u2019in ikinci o\u011flu Khaemwaset \u00f6zellikle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Memphis\u2019te Ptah\u2019\u0131n ba\u015f rahibi olarak g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015f ve b\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fc ile bilgin olarak \u00fcn kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, bu \u00fcn\u00fc Roma d\u00f6nemine kadar devam etmi\u015ftir. II. Ramses\u2019in hi\u00e7bir o\u011flu, Khaemwaset kadar \u00e7ok an\u0131t b\u0131rakmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bu an\u0131tlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, bazen arkaik olan bilimsel metinlerle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. II. Ramses\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, klasik geleneklerin belirgin bir \u015fekilde yeniden canlanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f olsa da, Khaemwaset\u2019in M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6rkemli ge\u00e7mi\u015fine \u00f6zel bir ilgisi oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Eski Krall\u0131k d\u00f6nemine ait birka\u00e7 piramidi restore etmesi de bunun bir g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Ramses, Eski Krall\u0131k mezar kabartmalar\u0131n\u0131n tarz\u0131n\u0131 taklit etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> baz\u0131 an\u0131tlar in\u015fa etti. Memphis nekropol\u00fcndeki firavun mezarlar\u0131n\u0131 restore etti<\/strong> ve baz\u0131 kendi an\u0131tlar\u0131nda Eski Krall\u0131k mezar kabartmalar\u0131n\u0131n stilini benimsedi<\/strong>. Ptah\u2019\u0131n ba\u015f rahibi olarak g\u00f6rev yapan o\u011flu Khaemwaset<\/strong>, kutsal Apis bo\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6m\u00fclmesini denetlemekle sorumluydu<\/strong>. Serapeum\u2019daki ilk galeri mezarlar\u0131, Khaemwaset taraf\u0131ndan yapt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/strong>. Ayr\u0131ca, babas\u0131n\u0131n ilk be\u015f sed-festivalini duyurmak i\u00e7in \u00fclke \u00e7ap\u0131nda seyahat etti<\/strong>, bu festivaller geleneksel olarak Memphis\u2019ten ilan edilirdi<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Ramses\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 52. y\u0131l\u0131nda<\/strong>, Khaemwaset hayatta kalan en b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011ful oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in veliaht prens oldu<\/strong>. Ancak, o d\u00f6nemde zaten 60\u2019l\u0131 ya\u015flar\u0131ndayd\u0131 ve birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra, h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n 55. y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fc<\/strong>. B\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle Memphis nekropol\u00fcne g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc<\/strong>, ancak ger\u00e7ekten Serapeum\u2019a defnedilip defnedilmedi\u011fi kesin de\u011fildir<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khaemwaset\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, II. Ramses 12 y\u0131l daha ya\u015fad\u0131 ve h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 67. y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fc<\/strong>. Bu, 6. Hanedan\u2019dan Pepy I\u2019den (M\u00d6 2321-2287) sonra en uzun s\u00fcre tahtta kalan h\u00fck\u00fcmdar oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na geliyordu<\/strong>. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan bir efsaneye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ve halefleri taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde hayranl\u0131kla an\u0131ld\u0131 (ve k\u0131skan\u0131ld\u0131)<\/strong>. Onun hat\u0131ras\u0131, hem kendi ad\u0131yla hem de Orta Krall\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131 olan Sesostris ile sonraki geleneklerde ya\u015famaya devam etti<\/strong>. II. Ramses, Orta Krall\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n bir\u00e7ok an\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 sahiplendi\u011fi i\u00e7in, bu isimle de an\u0131ld\u0131<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Ramses\u2019in en b\u00fcy\u00fck on iki o\u011flu, kendisinden \u00f6nce \u00f6ld\u00fc<\/strong>. Sonunda, onun yerine ge\u00e7en ki\u015fi, Isetnefret\u2019in d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc o\u011flu ve Khaemwaset\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra veliaht prens olan Merenptah (M\u00d6 1213-1203) oldu<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ramses III ve 20. Hanedan D\u00f6nemi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Ramses\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da 20. Hanedan\u2019\u0131n nas\u0131l iktidara geldi\u011fi tam olarak bilinmemektedir<\/strong>. Bu d\u00f6neme ait siyasi olaylara dair bilgiler<\/strong>, ilk h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Sethnakht (M\u00d6 1186-1184) taraf\u0131ndan Elephantine Adas\u0131\u2019nda dikilen bir stel<\/strong> ve Ramses IV\u2019\u00fcn h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda (M\u00d6 1153-1147) yaz\u0131lan B\u00fcy\u00fck Harris Papir\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nden<\/strong> gelmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sethnakht\u2019in stelinde<\/strong>, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan ka\u00e7an isyanc\u0131lar\u0131 nas\u0131l kovdu\u011fu anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r<\/strong>. Bu isyanc\u0131lar, ka\u00e7arken M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan \u00e7ald\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131n, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve bak\u0131r\u0131 geride b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015flard\u0131<\/strong>. Bu de\u011ferli metallerle Asyal\u0131lar aras\u0131nda takviye kuvvetler kiralamay\u0131 planl\u0131yorlard\u0131<\/strong>. B\u00fcy\u00fck Harris Papir\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde ise<\/strong>, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerin neden oldu\u011fu bir kaos ve hukuksuzluk d\u00f6nemi ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r<\/strong>. Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l boyunca \u00fclkeyi y\u00f6neten kimse olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131<\/strong>. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te, “Irsu” adl\u0131 bir Suriyeli iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi<\/strong>. Irsu\u2019nun ad\u0131, “kendini var eden” anlam\u0131na gelen uydurma bir isimdi<\/strong>, yani “parven\u00fc” veya “zorla iktidara gelen” anlam\u0131na geliyordu<\/strong>. Irsu ve m\u00fcttefikleri \u00fclkeyi ya\u011fmalad\u0131<\/strong>, tanr\u0131lara s\u0131radan insanlar gibi davrand\u0131lar ve tap\u0131naklarda kurban sunmay\u0131 b\u0131rakt\u0131lar<\/strong>. Bu anlat\u0131m, Amarna D\u00f6nemi\u2019nin Restorasyon y\u0131llar\u0131nda verilen tan\u0131mlara benzemektedir<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tanr\u0131lar, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 kurtarmak i\u00e7in Sethnakht\u2019i yeni h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olarak se\u00e7ti<\/strong>, t\u0131pk\u0131 18. Hanedan\u2019\u0131n sonunda Horemheb\u2019i se\u00e7tikleri gibi<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ramses III ve 20. Hanedan\u2019\u0131n iktidara geli\u015fi hakk\u0131nda kesin bilgiler bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6neme ait siyasi olaylara dair bilgiler, ilk h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Sethnakht (M\u00d6 1186-1184) taraf\u0131ndan Elephantine Adas\u0131\u2019nda dikilen bir stel ve Ramses IV\u2019\u00fcn h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda (M\u00d6 1153-1147) yaz\u0131lan B\u00fcy\u00fck Harris Papir\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nden gelmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sethnakht\u2019in stelinde, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan ka\u00e7an isyanc\u0131lar\u0131 nas\u0131l kovdu\u011fu anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu isyanc\u0131lar, ka\u00e7arken M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan \u00e7ald\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131n, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve bak\u0131r\u0131 geride b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bu de\u011ferli metallerle Asyal\u0131lar aras\u0131nda takviye kuvvetler kiralamay\u0131 planl\u0131yorlard\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck Harris Papir\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nde ise, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7lerin neden oldu\u011fu bir kaos ve hukuksuzluk d\u00f6nemi ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Birka\u00e7 y\u0131l boyunca \u00fclkeyi y\u00f6neten kimse olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te, “Irsu” adl\u0131 bir Suriyeli iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi. Irsu\u2019nun ad\u0131, “kendini var eden” anlam\u0131na gelen uydurma bir isimdi, yani “parven\u00fc” veya “zorla iktidara gelen” anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Irsu ve m\u00fcttefikleri \u00fclkeyi ya\u011fmalad\u0131, tanr\u0131lara s\u0131radan insanlar gibi davrand\u0131lar ve tap\u0131naklarda kurban sunmay\u0131 b\u0131rakt\u0131lar. Bu anlat\u0131m, Amarna D\u00f6nemi\u2019nin Restorasyon y\u0131llar\u0131nda verilen tan\u0131mlara benzemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tanr\u0131lar, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 kurtarmak i\u00e7in Sethnakht\u2019i yeni h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olarak se\u00e7ti, t\u0131pk\u0131 18. Hanedan\u2019\u0131n sonunda Horemheb\u2019i se\u00e7tikleri gibi. Sethnakht, d\u00fczeni yeniden sa\u011flad\u0131 ve isyanc\u0131lar\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan kovdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tausret\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, Bay\u2019\u0131n iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir, ancak Sethnakht taraf\u0131ndan tahttan indirildi\u011fi tahmin edilmektedir. Elephantine stelinin tarihi, Sethnakht\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 1. y\u0131l\u0131 de\u011fil, 2. y\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r, bu da zaferinin ve tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek tarihini yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini do\u011furmu\u015ftur. Sethnakht, d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131 yenmek i\u00e7in ge\u00e7en s\u00fcreyi h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilk y\u0131l\u0131 olarak saym\u0131\u015f olabilir. Ancak, Sethnakht uzun s\u00fcre tahtta kalamad\u0131 ve k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra \u00f6ld\u00fc. Yerine o\u011flu Ramses III (M\u00d6 1184-1153) ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ramses III, babas\u0131ndan bar\u0131\u015f ve istikrar devrald\u0131, ancak h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 5. y\u0131l\u0131nda Libyal\u0131 kabilelerin bat\u0131 Deltaya ilerlemesini durdurmak zorunda kald\u0131. Bu kabileler, i\u00e7 m\u00fccadele d\u00f6nemini f\u0131rsat bilerek Nil\u2019in merkezi koluna kadar ilerlemi\u015fti. M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar, bu bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak kabul etmi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu, ancak Libyal\u0131lar kendi “krallar\u0131n\u0131n” halefiyetine m\u00fcdahale eden Ramses III\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 ayakland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Ramses h\u0131zla kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verdi ve onlar\u0131 tekrar M\u0131s\u0131r kontrol\u00fcne ald\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 11. y\u0131l\u0131nda bir ba\u015fka Libyal\u0131 sefer d\u00fczenlendi, ancak en b\u00fcy\u00fck meydan okuma, 8. y\u0131lda Deniz Kavimleri ile yap\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deniz Kavimleri, Merenptah d\u00f6neminden itibaren M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a bat\u0131dan girmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ancak hareketleri t\u00fcm Orta Do\u011fu\u2019yu alt\u00fcst etti. Hitit ba\u015fkenti Hattu\u015fa\u015f\u2019\u0131 yok ettiler ve t\u00fcm Hitit \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131lar. Tarsus\u2019u fethettiler ve bir\u00e7o\u011fu Kilikya ve Kuzey Suriye ovalar\u0131na yerle\u015fti, Alalakh ve Ugarit\u2019i yerle bir ettiler. K\u0131br\u0131s da sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frad\u0131 ve ba\u015fkenti Enkomi ya\u011fmaland\u0131. Ancak, nihai hedefleri M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019d\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 8. y\u0131l\u0131nda, Ramses III\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 hem kara hem de deniz sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar yakla\u015fan tehlikenin fark\u0131ndayd\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir savunma g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc Djahy\u2019ye (G\u00fcney Filistin, muhtemelen Gazze\u2019deki M\u0131s\u0131r garnizonlar\u0131) yerle\u015ftirdiler. Ayr\u0131ca, Delta\u2019daki Nil kollar\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 tahkim ettiler. Sald\u0131r\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Ramses\u2019in birlikleri iyi haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve istilac\u0131lar\u0131 geri p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131. Deniz Kavimleri, Do\u011fu Akdeniz d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirdi, ancak M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 asla fethedemediler. Suriye-Filistin\u2019deki varl\u0131klar\u0131 ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n b\u00f6lgedeki etkisini do\u011frudan etkilememi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III. Ramses, h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 boyunca Medinet Habu\u2019daki b\u00fcy\u00fck cenaze tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131 in\u015fa ettirdi. Tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra ba\u015flanan bu yap\u0131, 12. y\u0131lda tamamland\u0131 ve Yeni Krall\u0131k\u2019\u0131n en iyi korunmu\u015f tap\u0131naklar\u0131ndan biri olarak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ula\u015ft\u0131. Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n d\u0131\u015f duvarlar\u0131nda, Deniz Kavimleri ile yap\u0131lan sava\u015f\u0131n sahneleri yer almaktad\u0131r. Bu yap\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck selefi II. Ramses\u2019in Ramesseum\u2019una benzer \u015fekilde tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. III. Ramses, II. Ramses\u2019i bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6nden taklit etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131; kraliyet isimleri neredeyse ayn\u0131yd\u0131 ve o\u011fullar\u0131na II. Ramses\u2019in \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n isimlerini verdi. Medinet Habu\u2019nun in\u015fas\u0131 ve Piramesse\u2019nin geni\u015fletilmesi gibi projeler, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik tehditlere ra\u011fmen kesintiye u\u011framad\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, Hatshepsut d\u00f6neminden bu yana ilk kez Punt\u2019a b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ke\u015fif gezisi d\u00fczenlendi ve Atika\u2019ya (muhtemelen Timna\u2019daki bak\u0131r madenlerine) bir ba\u015fka sefer yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da her \u015fey yolunda gitmiyordu. III. Ramses\u2019in tahta \u00e7\u0131kmadan \u00f6nceki karga\u015fa d\u00f6nemi, yolsuzluk ve \u00e7e\u015fitli suistimallere yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu nedenle, \u00fclke genelindeki tap\u0131naklar\u0131 denetlemek ve yeniden d\u00fczenlemek zorunda kald\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck Harris Papir\u00fcs\u00fc, Thebes, Memphis ve Heliopolis\u2019teki en \u00f6nemli tap\u0131naklara yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck arazi ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 listeler. Daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dini kurumlara da ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sonunda, ekilebilir arazilerin \u00fc\u00e7te biri tap\u0131naklara aitti ve bunun d\u00f6rtte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc Thebes\u2019teki Amun\u2019a tahsis edilmi\u015fti. Bu durum, tap\u0131nak ile devlet aras\u0131ndaki dengeyi bozdu ve Amun rahiplerinin giderek daha fazla g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanmas\u0131na neden oldu. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, devlet maliyesi \u00fczerindeki kontrol kayboldu ve ekonomik kriz ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Tah\u0131l fiyatlar\u0131 h\u0131zla y\u00fckseldi ve Deir el-Medina\u2019daki i\u015f\u00e7ilere \u00f6denmesi gereken ayl\u0131k maa\u015flar gecikti. Bu durum, h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 29. y\u0131l\u0131nda tarihteki ilk organize grevin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Thebes b\u00f6lgesinde Libyal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7ebe gruplar\u0131n tekrar eden bask\u0131nlar\u0131, genel bir g\u00fcvensizlik ortam\u0131 yaratt\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Merkezi devletin giderek zay\u0131flamas\u0131, III. Ramses\u2019e y\u00f6nelik suikast giri\u015fiminin nedenlerinden biri olabilir. E\u011fer do\u011frudan bir neden de\u011filse bile, genel huzursuzluk ve g\u00fcvensizlik, komplocular\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmalar\u0131 halinde halk\u0131n deste\u011fini alabileceklerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmelerine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olabilir. Suikast plan\u0131, muhtemelen Piramesse\u2019deki kral\u0131n hareminde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu komploda yer alan ki\u015filerden biri, harem katibi Pairy idi. Pairy, Piramesse\u2019de bir eve sahipti ve suikast plan\u0131na kar\u0131\u015fan bir\u00e7ok harem yetkilisinden sadece biriydi. Komplonun liderleri aras\u0131nda III. Ramses\u2019in e\u015flerinden biri olan Tiy de bulunuyordu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

III. Ramses\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru, haremde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir suikast plan\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu komploda, kral\u0131n e\u015fi Tiy, baz\u0131 harem kad\u0131nlar\u0131, birka\u00e7 kraliyet k\u00e2hyas\u0131 ve bir y\u00f6netici yer ald\u0131. Bu ki\u015filer, halk\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtarak kral\u0131n otoritesine kar\u015f\u0131 bir isyan \u00e7\u0131karmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Ama\u00e7lar\u0131, kral\u0131n me\u015fru varisi yerine Tiy\u2019nin o\u011flu Pentaweret\u2019i tahta \u00e7\u0131karmakt\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suikast plan\u0131, y\u0131ll\u0131k Opet Festivali s\u0131ras\u0131nda kral\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeyi i\u00e7eriyordu. Ayr\u0131ca, b\u00fcy\u00fcl\u00fc s\u00f6zler ve balmumu fig\u00fcrleri de harem i\u00e7ine gizlice sokulmu\u015ftu. Ancak, plan ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc III. Ramses\u2019in mumyas\u0131nda \u015fiddetli bir \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn izleri bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Sonunda, kral\u0131n yerine Pentaweret de\u011fil, me\u015fru varisi IV. Ramses ge\u00e7ti.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu olay\u0131n tam olarak ne zaman ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi bilinmemektedir, ancak mahkeme kay\u0131tlar\u0131 ve su\u00e7lulara verilen cezalar, IV. Ramses\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda yaz\u0131ya ge\u00e7irilmi\u015ftir. Suikast giri\u015fimine kar\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu intihara zorlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. IV. Ramses ayr\u0131ca B\u00fcy\u00fck Harris Papir\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc derlemi\u015f ve babas\u0131n\u0131n “vasiyetini” kaydetmi\u015ftir, bu da suikast giri\u015fiminin III. Ramses\u2019in 31 y\u0131ll\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IV. Ramses<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IV. Ramses, 20. Hanedan\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcm h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 gibi, tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda “Ramses” ad\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fum ad\u0131na ekleyerek ald\u0131. Muhtemelen III. Ramses ile akrabayd\u0131lar, ancak baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n tam ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 bilinmemektedir. Bu d\u00f6nemde M\u0131s\u0131r, Suriye-Filistin\u2019deki topraklar\u0131n\u0131n kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc kaybetti ve Nubia\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nemi h\u0131zla azalmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Karnak\u2019taki Khonsu Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, uzun s\u00fcre h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren Ramessid h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 bile b\u00fcy\u00fck tap\u0131naklar in\u015fa etmedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IV. Ramses, III. Ramses\u2019in be\u015finci o\u011fluydu ve h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 22. y\u0131l\u0131nda, d\u00f6rt b\u00fcy\u00fck karde\u015finin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine veliaht prens oldu. III. Ramses\u2019in o\u011fullar\u0131, II. Ramses\u2019in \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 gibi Krallar Vadisi\u2019ndeki galeri mezarlara de\u011fil, Krali\u00e7eler Vadisi\u2019ndeki ayr\u0131 mezarlara g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc. Annesi B\u00fcy\u00fck Kraliyet E\u015fi Isis-Ta-Habadjilat\u2019\u0131n ad\u0131ndan yola \u00e7\u0131karak, IV. Ramses\u2019in kan\u0131nda en az\u0131ndan bir miktar yabanc\u0131 k\u00f6ken oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle Thebes\u2019teki kraliyet mezar\u0131 ve cenaze tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck in\u015faat projelerine ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu projeler i\u00e7in Deir el-Medina\u2019daki i\u015f\u00e7i say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kararak 120 ki\u015fiye y\u00fckseltti. Muhtemelen bu projelerle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak, Wadi Hammamat ta\u015f ocaklar\u0131na birka\u00e7 ke\u015fif gezisi d\u00fczenledi, bu b\u00f6lge Seti I\u2019den bu yana \u00e7ok az faaliyet g\u00f6stermi\u015fti. Ayr\u0131ca, Sina ve Timna\u2019daki turkuaz ve bak\u0131r madenlerine seferler d\u00fczenledi. Ancak, planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 in\u015faat projelerinin \u00e7o\u011fu tamamlanamad\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IV. Ramses, h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n be\u015f (belki de yedi) y\u0131l\u0131 sonunda \u00f6ld\u00fc, planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 projeleri tamamlayamadan. Abydos\u2019taki b\u00fcy\u00fck stelinde Osiris\u2019e dua ederek, II. Ramses\u2019in 67 y\u0131ll\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n iki kat\u0131 kadar uzun bir s\u00fcre tahtta kalmay\u0131 dilemi\u015fti, ancak bu iste\u011fi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IV. Ramses\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Deir el-Medina\u2019daki temel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n teslimat\u0131nda daha fazla gecikme ya\u015fand\u0131. Ayn\u0131 zamanda, Amun\u2019un ba\u015f rahibinin etkisi giderek artt\u0131. Bu makam\u0131n sahibi olan Ramesesnakht, devlet yetkilileriyle birlikte i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ayl\u0131k maa\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6demeye ba\u015flad\u0131, bu da Amun tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131k en az\u0131ndan k\u0131smen devletin yerine maa\u015flar\u0131 \u00f6dedi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyordu.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devletin en y\u00fcksek makamlar\u0131 ve tap\u0131nak y\u00f6netimi, iki aile taraf\u0131ndan kontrol ediliyordu. Ramesesnakht\u2019\u0131n o\u011flu Usermaatranakht, “Amun\u2019un m\u00fclk\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00f6neticisi” olarak tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu topraklar\u0131 y\u00f6netiyordu, ancak ayn\u0131 zamanda Orta M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki devlet arazilerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu da kontrol ediyordu. “\u0130kinci ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc rahip” ile “Amun\u2019un babas\u0131” unvanlar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan ki\u015filer, evlilik yoluyla Ramesesnakht ile akrabayd\u0131. Bu durum, y\u00fcksek rahiplik makam\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere, bu y\u00fcksek pozisyonlar\u0131n giderek kal\u0131tsal hale geldi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyordu. Ramesesnakht\u2019\u0131n yerine iki o\u011flu ge\u00e7ti ve bu makam giderek daha ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z hale geldi. Kral\u0131n, y\u00fcksek rahibin kim olaca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde yaln\u0131zca nominal bir kontrol\u00fc vard\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yirminci Hanedan\u0131n Son H\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde, IV. Ramses\u2019in yerine o\u011flu V. Ramses (M\u00d6 1147-1143) ge\u00e7ti. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Elephantine\u2019deki rahipler aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir su\u00e7 ve yolsuzluk skandal\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, ancak bu olay asl\u0131nda babas\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6neminde ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. V. Ramses ayr\u0131ca Timna ve Sina\u2019daki madencilik faaliyetlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Ancak, sadece d\u00f6rt y\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc ve gen\u00e7 ya\u015fta \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir sonraki kral, III. Ramses\u2019in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck o\u011flu VI. Ramses (M\u00d6 1143-1136) oldu. VI. Ramses, ye\u011feni taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lan kraliyet mezar\u0131n\u0131 ve cenaze tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sahiplendi, bu y\u00fczden ye\u011feninin defin i\u015flemi ertelenmek zorunda kald\u0131 ve ancak h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 2. y\u0131l\u0131nda alternatif bir mezar bulundu. Baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, bu taht de\u011fi\u015fiminin i\u00e7 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klarla birlikte ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmektedir, \u00f6zellikle Deir el-Medina\u2019daki i\u015f\u00e7ilerin “d\u00fc\u015fmandan korktuklar\u0131 i\u00e7in” evde kald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirten nekropol kay\u0131tlar\u0131 nedeniyle. Ancak, bu iddia kesin olarak kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f de\u011fildir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7o\u011fu devlet g\u00f6revlisi g\u00f6revlerine devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde, VI. Ramses (M\u00d6 1143-1136) yedi y\u0131l boyunca h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc ve Sinai\u2019de ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en son kral oldu. VII. Ramses\u2019in (M\u00d6 1136-1129) yedi y\u0131ll\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda tah\u0131l fiyatlar\u0131 en y\u00fcksek seviyeye ula\u015ft\u0131, ancak sonras\u0131nda yava\u015f yava\u015f d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. VIII. Ramses\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olduk\u00e7a k\u0131sa s\u00fcrd\u00fc, muhtemelen III. Ramses\u2019in bir ba\u015fka o\u011flu oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son \u00fc\u00e7 Ramessid h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n kesin aile ge\u00e7mi\u015fi bilinmemektedir. IX. Ramses\u2019in (M\u00d6 1126-1108) yakla\u015f\u0131k 18 y\u0131ll\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, giderek artan istikrars\u0131zl\u0131kla karakterize edildi. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 8-15. y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, Thebes\u2019te Libyal\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7ebelerin huzursuzluk \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131k\u00e7a duyuluyordu ve yeniden grevler ya\u015fand\u0131. Bu d\u00f6nemde, mezar soygunlar\u0131n\u0131n ilk dalgas\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti, bu olaylarla ilgili mahkeme kay\u0131tlar\u0131 bir dizi papir\u00fcste belgelenmi\u015ftir. Ancak, Krallar Vadisi\u2019ndeki mezarlar bu soygunlardan etkilenmedi. Soygunlar, Dra Abu el-Naga\u2019daki 17. Hanedan\u2019a ait bir kraliyet mezar\u0131 ve baz\u0131 \u00f6zel mezarlarla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kald\u0131, ayr\u0131ca tap\u0131naklardan yap\u0131lan \u00e7e\u015fitli h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131klar da soru\u015fturuldu.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

IX. Ramses\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda, Amun\u2019un ba\u015f rahibi Ramesesnakht \u00f6ld\u00fc. Yerine \u00f6nce o\u011flu Nesamun, ard\u0131ndan karde\u015fi Amenhotep ge\u00e7ti. Karnak\u2019taki iki kabartmada, Amenhotep kendisini IX. Ramses ile ayn\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7ekte tasvir ettirmi\u015ftir, bu da kral ile Amun\u2019un ba\u015f rahibi aras\u0131ndaki neredeyse e\u015fit stat\u00fcy\u00fc g\u00f6stermektedir. Bu sahnelerden biri, h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 10. y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bir olay\u0131 anmaktad\u0131r, bu olayda IX. Ramses, Amenhotep\u2019i krala ve \u00fclkeye yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hizmetler i\u00e7in geleneksel “onur alt\u0131n\u0131” ile \u00f6d\u00fcllendirmi\u015ftir. Bu t\u00f6rende Amenhotep\u2019e verilen hediyeler olduk\u00e7a etkileyici olmal\u0131yd\u0131, ancak miktarlar\u0131, d\u00f6nemin ekonomik durumunu veya en az\u0131ndan kral\u0131n servetini yans\u0131tan \u00f6nemli bir g\u00f6stergeydi. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Amenhotep\u2019e verilen hediyeler aras\u0131nda 2 hin de\u011ferli bir merhem bulunuyordu, oysa 200 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, Horemheb d\u00f6neminde, Maya\u2019n\u0131n bir yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 (sadece bir hazine yazman\u0131) efendisinin mezar e\u015fyalar\u0131na 4 hin ayn\u0131 merhemden katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftu.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

X. Ramses\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda neredeyse hi\u00e7bir \u015fey bilinmemektedir, ancak yakla\u015f\u0131k dokuz y\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tahmin edilmektedir. XI. Ramses (M\u00d6 1099-1069) ise otuz y\u0131l boyunca h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc, ancak son on y\u0131lda g\u00fcc\u00fc neredeyse yaln\u0131zca A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r (Delta b\u00f6lgesi) ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kald\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kaynak: Jacobus Van D\u0131jk file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/JET\/Downloads\/the-oxford-history-of-ancient-egypt-1stnbsped-0198150342-9780198150343_compress.pdf Bu sayfadaki i\u00e7eriklerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Referanslar k\u0131sm\u0131nda belirtilen akademik kaynaklardan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Amenhotep III \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, arkas\u0131nda her zamankinden daha zengin ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir M\u0131s\u0131r b\u0131rakt\u0131. Babas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan Mitanni ile yap\u0131lan anla\u015fma \u00fclkeye bar\u0131\u015f ve istikrar getirmi\u015fti, bu da ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir l\u00fcks k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne yol a\u00e7t\u0131. M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n kendi kaynaklar\u0131ndan ve d\u0131\u015f ticaretten elde … <\/p>\n

Continue reading “Yeni Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi”<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"eski-krallik-donemi","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-99","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":"","post_slider_layout_landscape_large":"","post_slider_layout_portrait_large":"","post_slider_layout_square_large":"","post_slider_layout_landscape":"","post_slider_layout_portrait":"","post_slider_layout_square":"","full":""},"yoast_head":"\nYeni Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi - M\u0131s\u0131rbilim Ansiklopedisi - Egyptology Encyclopedia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/yeni-krallik-donemi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Yeni Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi - M\u0131s\u0131rbilim Ansiklopedisi - Egyptology Encyclopedia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Kaynak: Jacobus Van D\u0131jk file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/JET\/Downloads\/the-oxford-history-of-ancient-egypt-1stnbsped-0198150342-9780198150343_compress.pdf Bu sayfadaki i\u00e7eriklerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Referanslar k\u0131sm\u0131nda belirtilen akademik kaynaklardan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 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Amenhotep III \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, arkas\u0131nda her zamankinden daha zengin ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir M\u0131s\u0131r b\u0131rakt\u0131. Babas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan Mitanni ile yap\u0131lan anla\u015fma \u00fclkeye bar\u0131\u015f ve istikrar getirmi\u015fti, bu da ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir l\u00fcks k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne yol a\u00e7t\u0131. M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n kendi kaynaklar\u0131ndan ve d\u0131\u015f ticaretten elde…","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/99","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=99"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/99\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=99"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}