{"id":97,"date":"2025-05-17T00:50:33","date_gmt":"2025-05-16T21:50:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/egyptologytr.wordpress.com\/?page_id=97"},"modified":"2025-05-17T00:50:33","modified_gmt":"2025-05-16T21:50:33","slug":"orta-krallik-donemi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/orta-krallik-donemi\/","title":{"rendered":"Orta Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Orta Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birinci ve \u0130kinci Ara D\u00f6nemlerden farkl\u0131 olarak, Orta Krall\u0131k (M.\u00d6. 2055-1650) siyasi bir birlik olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Bu d\u00f6nemin temelini iki siyasi a\u015fama olu\u015fturur: 11. Hanedan, Yukar\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki Thebes kentinden y\u00f6netilmi\u015f, 12. Hanedan ise Faiyum b\u00f6lgesindeki Lisht merkezli olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6nceki tarih\u00e7iler, 11. ve 12. Hanedanlar\u0131n Orta Krall\u0131k\u2019\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Ancak, daha yeni ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, 13. Hanedan\u0131n en az\u0131ndan ilk yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n Orta Krall\u0131k\u2019a ait oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6stermektedir. 13. Hanedan, tam anlam\u0131yla siyasi bir hanedan gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmese de, bu d\u00f6neme kesin olarak dahildir. Ba\u015fkent veya kraliyet konutu de\u011fi\u015fmemi\u015f, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin faaliyetlerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir azalma olmam\u0131\u015f ve sanat alan\u0131nda gerileme ya\u015fanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hatta Orta Krall\u0131k\u2019\u0131n en iyi sanat ve edebiyat eserlerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131 13. Hanedan d\u00f6nemine aittir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli an\u0131tsal yap\u0131lar\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131nda bir azalma g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu durum, 13. Hanedan\u0131n ne kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu konusunda soru i\u015faretleri yaratmaktad\u0131r. 12. Hanedan h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck projelerle \u015fekillendirdi\u011fi ihti\u015faml\u0131 fikirler, 13. Hanedan d\u00f6neminde ayn\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde devam etmemi\u015ftir. Bu de\u011fi\u015fimin en b\u00fcy\u00fck nedeni, 13. Hanedan krallar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131klar\u0131 olabilir. Ancak, bu siyasi de\u011fi\u015fimlerin kesin nedenleri hen\u00fcz bilinmemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orta Krall\u0131k tarihini anlaman\u0131n en basit yolu, krallar\u0131n ard\u0131\u015f\u0131k y\u00f6netimlerini ve ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 incelemektir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar, d\u00f6nemin siyasi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel y\u00f6nelimlerini belirlemi\u015ftir. Ancak, bu y\u00f6ntemi izlerken, Orta Krall\u0131k\u2019\u0131 anlamada kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorunlardan biriyle y\u00fczle\u015fmek zorunda kal\u0131yoruz\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Basit\u00e7e ifade etmek gerekirse, soru \u015fudur: Baz\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar taht\u0131 halefleriyle payla\u015ft\u0131 m\u0131? Bu tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n temel unsurlar\u0131, \u00e7ift tarihli stelalard\u0131r. Bu metinler, ard\u0131\u015f\u0131k iki kral\u0131n isimlerini ve her biri i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 tarihleri i\u00e7ermektedir. Ancak, bu kay\u0131tlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten iki firavunun g\u00fcc\u00fc payla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u0131 yoksa sadece stelalar\u0131n sahiplerinin her iki kral d\u00f6neminde g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi konusunda bilim insanlar\u0131 ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12. Hanedan\u2019\u0131n standart kronolojisi, tarihli an\u0131tsal kay\u0131tlar\u0131n yo\u011fun \u015fekilde incelenmesiyle y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde yeniden \u015fekillendirilmi\u015ftir. Bu yeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, eksik Turin Kraliyet Listesi ve Manetho\u2019nun \u00f6zetleri taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6nerilen s\u00fcrelerden \u00e7ok daha k\u0131sa h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k s\u00fcreleri ortaya koymu\u015ftur. En tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131klar Senusret II ve III d\u00f6nemleridir ve farkl\u0131 bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nerdi\u011fi kronolojiler aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131klar bulunmaktad\u0131r. Senusret III\u2019\u00fcn an\u0131tlar\u0131nda bulunan baz\u0131 hiyeratik kontrol i\u015faretleri, bu kronolojileri daha da karma\u015f\u0131k hale getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin, Josef Wegner, Senusret III\u2019\u00fcn 39 y\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne dair g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kan\u0131tlar sunmu\u015ftur. Lisht\u2019te bulunan \u201cY\u0131l 30\u201d referanslar\u0131 ve kraliyet jubile kutlamalar\u0131 bu uzun h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k s\u00fcresini desteklemektedir. Ayr\u0131ca, Lahun\u2019da ke\u015ffedilen papir\u00fcsler, Senusret II\u2019nin h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 19 y\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmektedir. Ancak, bu geni\u015fletilmi\u015f h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k s\u00fcrelerini baz\u0131 bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nerdi\u011fi kesin tarihlerle uyumlu hale getirmek zor olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daha uzun 12. Hanedan h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131klar\u0131, \u00e7ift tarihli an\u0131tlar temel al\u0131narak ortak y\u00f6netim teorisiyle uyumlu g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Ancak, baz\u0131 bilim insanlar\u0131 Amenemhat I-Senusret I, Senusret I-Amenemhat II ve Senusret III-Amenemhat III gibi bireysel ortak y\u00f6netim iddialar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131r tarihine dair kesin tarihler hen\u00fcz tam olarak belirlenmemi\u015ftir. Ge\u00e7 Yeni Krall\u0131k d\u00f6nemine kadar radyokarbon bazl\u0131 kronolojiler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda mutlak tarihler bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, y\u00fcksek, orta ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck tarihleme sistemleri aras\u0131ndaki tart\u0131\u015fmalar devam etmektedir. Bu nedenle, t\u00fcm firavun d\u00f6nemleri i\u00e7in kronolojilerde revizyon yap\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Tell el-Dab\u2019a\u2019daki yeni arkeolojik bulgular, bu konuda daha fazla bilgi sa\u011flayabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orta Krall\u0131k kronolojisiyle ilgili baz\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesine Tell el-Dab\u2019a\u2019daki yeni arkeolojik bulgular yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir. Ancak, bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde sunulan anlat\u0131m, ortak y\u00f6netim (co-regency) teorisini \u015fimdilik denklem d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rakmaktad\u0131r. Bunun nedeni, bu konuda kesin kan\u0131tlar\u0131n hen\u00fcz bulunmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orta Krall\u0131k d\u00f6nemine dair tarihsel kronolojiler h\u00e2l\u00e2 de\u011fi\u015fkenlik g\u00f6stermektedir. Amenemhat I ve Senusret I gibi h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n ortak y\u00f6netim uygulay\u0131p uygulamad\u0131klar\u0131 konusunda bilim insanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 devam etmektedir. Yeni ke\u015fifler, bu tart\u0131\u015fmalara daha fazla \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11. Hanedan<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nebhepetra II.Mentuhotep (M.\u00d6. 2055-2004), 11. Hanedan\u2019\u0131n ilk h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 olarak M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na alan ki\u015fiydi. Muhtemelen Nakhtnebtepnefer Intef III\u2019\u00fcn (M.\u00d6. 2063-2055) ard\u0131ndan Thebes taht\u0131na ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II.Mentuhotep\u2019nin M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 yeniden birle\u015ftirme ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131, antik M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck sevin\u00e7le kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 20. Hanedan d\u00f6neminde bile, \u00f6zel mezarlarda onun Orta Krall\u0131k\u2019\u0131n kurucusu olarak \u00f6v\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne dair yaz\u0131tlar bulunmu\u015ftur. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131nda tarih\u00ee kay\u0131tlar\u0131n ve yap\u0131lar\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131, \u00fclkenin refah seviyesinin y\u00fckselmesi ve sanat\u0131n yeniden canlanmas\u0131, onun bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flama konusundaki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6stergeleridir. Ancak, bu umut verici ba\u015flang\u0131ca ra\u011fmen, 11. Hanedan, II.Mentuhotep\u2019nin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sadece 19 y\u0131l sonra \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II.Mentuhotep\u2019nin Wadi Shatt el-Rigal\u2019deki kaya oymalar\u0131ndan biri, onu devasa bir fig\u00fcr olarak tasvir ederken, yan\u0131nda annesi, muhtemel selefi Intef III ve veziri Khety\u2019yi g\u00f6stermektedir. Bu tasvir, II.Mentuhotep\u2019nin Intef III\u2019\u00fcn o\u011flu oldu\u011fu fikrini destekleyen bir kan\u0131t olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca, Tod b\u00f6lgesinde bulunan bir kabartma, Mentuhotep II\u2019yi arkas\u0131nda s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015f \u00fc\u00e7 Intef kral\u0131yla birlikte g\u00f6stererek, onun Intef hanedan\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir. Ancak, bu soy vurgusu, Mentuhotep\u2019in ger\u00e7ek k\u00f6keni hakk\u0131nda soru i\u015faretleri yaratmaktad\u0131r. Baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar, Mentuhotep\u2019in kraliyet soyundan gelmemi\u015f olabilece\u011fini veya bu an\u0131tlar\u0131n, Herakleopolis h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n \u201cKhety Hanedan\u0131\u201d iddialar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bir denge unsuru olarak tasarland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mentuhotep II, Thebes Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 14 y\u0131l boyunca sakin bir \u015fekilde y\u00f6netmi\u015f, ard\u0131ndan Herakleopolis ile Thebes aras\u0131ndaki i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131n son a\u015famas\u0131 patlak vermi\u015ftir. Bu sava\u015f hakk\u0131nda neredeyse hi\u00e7bir \u015fey bilinmemektedir, ancak d\u00f6nemin \u015fiddetini g\u00f6steren baz\u0131 kan\u0131tlar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mentuhotep II’nin h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan \u00f6nemli olaylardan biri, Deir el-Bahri’deki “Sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n Mezar\u0131” olarak bilinen toplu mezard\u0131r. Bu mezarda, sava\u015fta \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen ve keten kuma\u015fa sar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f 60 askerin mumyalanmadan g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Kuruma yoluyla korunmu\u015f bu cesetler, Orta Krall\u0131k d\u00f6nemine ait en iyi korunmu\u015f bedenler aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Kraliyet mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na yak\u0131n bir konumda g\u00f6m\u00fclmeleri, bu askerlerin kahramanca bir sava\u015fta \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir\u2014muhtemelen Herakleopolis\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan sava\u015fla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mentuhotep II, Herakleopolis\u2019e ula\u015fmadan \u00f6nce Herakleopolis h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Merykara \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Onun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle birlikte Herakleopolis direni\u015fi \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f, halefi sadece birka\u00e7 ay boyunca kuzey krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netebilmi\u015ftir. Mentuhotep II\u2019nin son Herakleopolis h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n\u0131 ma\u011flup etmesi, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 yeniden birle\u015ftirme f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 ona sunmu\u015ftur. Ancak, bu s\u00fcrecin ne kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve m\u00fccadelelerin ne kadar \u015fiddetli oldu\u011fu hakk\u0131nda kesin bilgiler bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Mentuhotep\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 boyunca farkl\u0131 sava\u015flara dair da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k referanslar mevcuttur. Bu d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fanan g\u00fcvensizli\u011fin kan\u0131tlar\u0131ndan biri, s\u0131radan erkeklerin mezar e\u015fyalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda silahlar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, baz\u0131 cenaze stelalar\u0131nda y\u00f6neticilerin resmi k\u0131yafetler yerine silah ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 tasvir edilmi\u015ftir. Ancak, \u00fclkede bar\u0131\u015f ve refah artt\u0131k\u00e7a, bu t\u00fcr unsurlar\u0131n azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mentuhotep II\u2019nin yeniden fetih s\u00fcrecinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131, Nubia\u2019ya yap\u0131lan seferlerdir. Eski Krall\u0131k\u2019\u0131n son d\u00f6nemlerinde Nubia, yerel y\u00f6neticilerin kontrol\u00fcne ge\u00e7mi\u015fti. Mentuhotep II\u2019nin ordular\u0131 Nubia\u2019ya ilerledi\u011finde, b\u00f6lgede en az bir yerel y\u00f6netici hatt\u0131 bulunuyordu. Deir el-Ballas\u2019ta bulunan bir yaz\u0131t, Wawat (A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Nubia) b\u00f6lgesinde yap\u0131lan seferlerden bahsetmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca, Mentuhotep II\u2019nin Elephantine\u2019de bir garnizon kurdu\u011fu ve buradan g\u00fcneydeki b\u00f6lgelere h\u0131zl\u0131 askeri sevkiyatlar yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mentuhotep II, kraliyet soyunu vurgulaman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, kendini tanr\u0131salla\u015ft\u0131rma stratejisiyle de \u00fcn kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gebelein\u2019de bulunan iki yaz\u0131tta, kendisini “Hathor\u2019un o\u011flu” olarak tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dendera ve Aswan\u2019da, Amun ve Min\u2019in ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak tanr\u0131sal kimli\u011fini peki\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Konosso\u2019da, Min\u2019in ithifalik formunu benimsemi\u015ftir. Netjeryhedjet (“Beyaz Ta\u00e7\u2019\u0131n \u0130lahi Olan\u0131”) adl\u0131 ikinci Horus ismi de kendini tanr\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma s\u00fcrecini desteklemektedir. Deir el-Bahri\u2019deki tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131nda, kendisine bir tanr\u0131 olarak tap\u0131n\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair kan\u0131tlar bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu fikir, Yeni Krall\u0131k d\u00f6neminde merkezi bir dini ilgi alan\u0131 haline gelmeden y\u00fczlerce y\u0131l \u00f6nce ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mentuhotep II\u2019nin kendini tanr\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma s\u00fcreci, isim de\u011fi\u015fiklikleriyle de desteklenmi\u015ftir. Horus ismi birka\u00e7 kez de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f, her de\u011fi\u015fiklik siyasi bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015ftir. Son de\u011fi\u015fiklik, Sematawy (“\u0130ki \u00dclkeyi Birle\u015ftiren”) olmu\u015ftur. Bu isim, h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 39. y\u0131l\u0131nda kaydedilmi\u015ftir. Ancak, bu y\u0131ldan \u00f6nce kral\u0131n sed-festivalini kutlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu isim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin festival s\u0131ras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mentuhotep II, Thebes\u2019ten y\u00f6netmi\u015ftir. Thebes, o d\u00f6neme kadar Yukar\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir \u015fehir de\u011fildi, ancak Mentuhotep\u2019in kalan b\u00f6lgesel valileri kontrol etmesi i\u00e7in stratejik bir konumdayd\u0131. Veziri Khety, Nubia\u2019da seferler d\u00fczenlerken, \u015fans\u00f6lyesi Meru, Do\u011fu \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc ve vahalar\u0131 kontrol etmi\u015ftir. Eski Krall\u0131k d\u00f6nemine k\u0131yasla bu g\u00f6rev \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nemli hale gelmi\u015ftir. “Yukar\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r Valisi” g\u00f6revine ek olarak, “A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r Valisi” adl\u0131 yeni bir g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc pozisyon olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Bu merkezi y\u00f6netim g\u00fc\u00e7lendirme hamlesi, kral\u0131n yetkililer \u00fczerindeki kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131r\u0131rken, Birinci Ara D\u00f6nem\u2019de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z hareket eden b\u00f6lgesel valilerin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mentuhotep II, baz\u0131 valilerin g\u00f6revden al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Asyut valileri, Herakleopolis\u2019i destekledikleri i\u00e7in iktidardan d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ancak, Beni Hasan ve Hermopolis valileri, Thebes ordular\u0131na yard\u0131m ettikleri i\u00e7in g\u00f6revlerini korumu\u015f olabilirler. Nag el-Deir, Akhmim ve Deir el-Gebrawi valileri de g\u00f6revde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak, kraliyet yetkilileri d\u00fczenli olarak \u00fclke genelinde dola\u015farak valilerin faaliyetlerini denetlemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve birle\u015fik bir h\u00fck\u00fcmete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn bir di\u011fer g\u00f6stergesi, M\u0131s\u0131r s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131na yap\u0131lan seferlerdir. Bu d\u00f6nemin \u00fcnl\u00fc ke\u015fif liderlerinden biri, Shatt el-Rigal kabartmas\u0131nda tasvir edilen Khety\u2019dir. Khety, Sina b\u00f6lgesinde devriye gezmi\u015f ve Aswan\u2019da g\u00f6revler y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Henenu, “boynuz, toynak, t\u00fcy ve pulun g\u00f6zetmeni” olarak kral\u0131n m\u00fclklerini y\u00f6netmi\u015ftir. G\u00f6revleri aras\u0131nda L\u00fcbnan\u2019a sedir a\u011fac\u0131 almak i\u00e7in seyahat etmek de bulunuyordu. Bu t\u00fcr seferler, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyadaki etkisini yeniden kazanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mentuhotep II’nin in\u015fa projeleri, onun h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 boyunca ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi askeri seferler kadar \u00f6nemliydi. 51 y\u0131ll\u0131k y\u00f6netimi boyunca bir\u00e7ok tap\u0131nak ve \u015fapel in\u015fa ettirdi, ancak bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015famam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dendera, Gebelein, Abydos, Tod, Armant, Elkab, Karnak ve Aswan gibi Yukar\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki b\u00f6lgelerde yeni yap\u0131lar y\u00fckseltilmi\u015ftir. Hollandal\u0131 ve Rus ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lardan olu\u015fan bir ekip, Do\u011fu Delta\u2019daki Qantir yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bir Orta Krall\u0131k tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 ke\u015ffetmi\u015ftir. Bu tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n mimarisi, Deir el-Bahri\u2019deki Mentuhotep\u2019in cenaze kompleksine benzemektedir, ancak kesin tarihler hen\u00fcz yay\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orta Krall\u0131k boyunca kraliyet mezarlar\u0131 hem mimari hem de mek\u00e2nsal olarak s\u00fcrekli geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bu de\u011fi\u015fim, en etkili mezar t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ne oldu\u011funa dair ruhani bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. Mentuhotep II\u2019nin Deir el-Bahri\u2019deki cenaze an\u0131t\u0131, bu aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n en belirgin \u00f6rneklerinden biridir. Bu yap\u0131, Orta Krall\u0131k\u2019\u0131n en etkileyici yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze \u00e7ok az kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 11. Hanedan\u2019daki halefleri (Sankhkara Mentuhotep III ve Nebtawyra Mentuhotep IV) mezarlar\u0131n\u0131 tamamlamam\u0131\u015f, 12. Hanedan krallar\u0131 ise Eski Krall\u0131k modellerinden ilham alarak an\u0131tlar in\u015fa etmi\u015ftir. Mentuhotep\u2019in an\u0131t\u0131, Thebes ve Herakleopolis geleneklerinden farkl\u0131 bir vizyon ortaya koymu\u015ftur ve Eski Krall\u0131k\u2019\u0131n sonu ile 12. Hanedan\u2019\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki en \u00f6nemli yap\u0131 olarak kabul edilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu yap\u0131, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n yeniden birle\u015fmesini simgeleyen ilham verici bir eser olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Osiris inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a vurgulayan ilk kraliyet yap\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r ve Birinci Ara D\u00f6nem\u2019de krallar ile halk\u0131n cenaze k\u00fcltleri aras\u0131ndaki dini e\u015fitlenmeyi yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. Tap\u0131nakta \u00f6nemli yenilikler aras\u0131nda teraslar ve revak benzeri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f yollar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7ukurlar kaz\u0131larak i\u00e7ine toprak doldurulmu\u015f ve \u00e7\u0131nar ile tamarisk a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 dikilmi\u015ftir. A\u011fa\u00e7larla \u00e7evrili bu avludan, \u00fcst terasa kadar uzanan uzun ve \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131z bir ge\u00e7it in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Ana yap\u0131, kare \u015feklinde bir mastaba-mezar formunda olabilir ve arkas\u0131nda bir hipostil salon ile k\u00fclt merkezi yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mentuhotep II\u2019nin e\u015fleri, Krali\u00e7eler Neferu ve Tern\u2019in mezarlar\u0131, bu kompleksin bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131. Tern, tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n arkas\u0131ndaki bir dromos mezara g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, Neferu ise kuzeydeki temenos duvar\u0131nda ayr\u0131 bir kaya mezar\u0131nda defnedilmi\u015ftir. Alt\u0131 kad\u0131na ait \u015fapel ve mezarlar, tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n bat\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f yolunun arkas\u0131nda bulunmu\u015ftur. Bu kad\u0131nlar\u0131n d\u00f6rd\u00fc “kraliyet e\u015fi” olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu mezarlar, Mentuhotep\u2019in tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en erken d\u00f6nemine aittir ve baz\u0131lar\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 orijinal definlerini i\u00e7ermektedir. \u00d6l\u00fclerin tabutlar\u0131n\u0131 ve bedenlerini tasvir eden modeller, daha sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde pop\u00fcler hale gelen \u015fabti fig\u00fcrlerinin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olarak kabul edilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu gen\u00e7 ya\u015fta \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr: En ya\u015fl\u0131s\u0131 Ashaiyet 22 ya\u015f\u0131nda, en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Mayt ise sadece 5 ya\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131. Bu kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6nemi belirsizdir, ancak baz\u0131lar\u0131 Hathor rahibesi olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, mezarlar\u0131n\u0131n kraliyet cenaze an\u0131t\u0131nda bir Hathor k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fcn par\u00e7as\u0131 olabilece\u011fi \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde g\u00f6m\u00fclmesi, bir felaket sonucu birlikte \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f olabilecekleri ihtimalini g\u00fcndeme getirmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Deir el-Bahri\u2019deki Bab el-Hosan olarak bilinen mezar, Mentuhotep II\u2019nin erken ve tamamlanmam\u0131\u015f bir mezar\u0131 olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu yap\u0131da, festival k\u0131yafetleri giymi\u015f siyah tenli bir heykel bulunmu\u015ftur. Bu s\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f\u0131 cilt rengi, Osiris\u2019e yap\u0131lan bir\u00e7ok g\u00f6ndermeden biridir ve Mentuhotep II\u2019nin bereket ve yeniden do\u011fu\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc simgelemektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tap\u0131nak boyunca dekorasyon yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa da, sanat eserlerinin \u00e7o\u011fu g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in genel tasar\u0131m ve s\u00fcsleme sistemini tam olarak yeniden olu\u015fturmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Ancak, baz\u0131 belirgin temalar mevcuttur: Kral\u0131n do\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc ve Osiris ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 y\u00f6nleri vurgulan\u0131rken, saray hayat\u0131na dair sahneler de yer almaktad\u0131r. Sanat\u0131n b\u00f6lgesel karakteri, boyanm\u0131\u015f dekorasyonun bir\u00e7ok par\u00e7as\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Kal\u0131n dudaklar, b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6zler ve ince, garip v\u00fccutlar gibi karakteristik dokunu\u015flar fark edilmektedir. Ancak, \u00f6zellikle gen\u00e7 e\u015flerin \u015fapellerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen ustaca oyma i\u015fleri, Memphis okuluna daha yak\u0131n bir tarza sahiptir. Bu teknik kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131, d\u00f6nemin siyasi durumunu yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r ve zanaatk\u00e2rlar\u0131n biyografileri, farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerden geldiklerini ve yerel geleneklerini beraberinde getirdiklerini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mentuhotep II\u2019nin tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131, Karnak\u2019taki Amun Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 ile do\u011frudan hizalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu konumun, kral\u0131n cenaze k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fcn, Amun\u2019un Deir el-Bahri\u2019ye y\u0131ll\u0131k ziyaretinden faydalanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in se\u00e7ilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu rit\u00fcel, “Vadinin G\u00fczel Festivali” olarak bilinir ve bu d\u00f6nemden itibaren Thebes\u2019te Amun k\u00fclt\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mentuhotep III, Krali\u00e7e Tern\u2019in o\u011flu olup M.\u00d6. 2004-1992 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Enerjik bir in\u015faat\u00e7\u0131 olarak bilinen Mentuhotep III, Medinet Habu\u2019da \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir tap\u0131nak in\u015fa ettirmi\u015ftir. Bu yap\u0131, 18. Hanedan\u2019daki “aile \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcleri” tap\u0131naklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olarak kabul edilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mentuhotep III\u2019\u00fcn h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, mimari yeniliklerle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Thoth Tepesi\u2019nde in\u015fa etti\u011fi tu\u011fla tap\u0131nak, Valley of the Kings\u2019i g\u00f6ren en y\u00fcksek zirvede yer almaktad\u0131r. Bu tap\u0131nak, \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kutsal alan i\u00e7ermekte olup, en eski tap\u0131nak pylon \u00f6rneklerini bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sanat a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, Mentuhotep III\u2019\u00fcn kabartmalar\u0131 Orta Krall\u0131k\u2019\u0131n zirvesi olarak kabul edilmektedir. Ta\u015f i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi son derece ince olup, kabartmalardaki derinlik fark\u0131 sadece birka\u00e7 milimetre ile sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tod\u2019daki kabartmalar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen portre detaylar\u0131 ve giysi i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi, Mentuhotep II\u2019nin heykellerinden \u00e7ok daha \u00fcst\u00fcn kabul edilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mentuhotep III, Orta Krall\u0131k d\u00f6neminde Punt\u2019a ke\u015fif gezisi d\u00fczenleyen ilk h\u00fck\u00fcmdard\u0131r. Henenu adl\u0131 bir yetkili taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen bu ke\u015fif gezisi, Wadi Hammamat \u00fczerinden ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda gemiler in\u015fa edilmi\u015f ve ta\u015f\u0131nan keresteler kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, kuzeydo\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in Do\u011fu Delta\u2019da tahkimatlar yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mentuhotep III\u2019\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle birlikte, yakla\u015f\u0131k yedi y\u0131l boyunca bo\u015fluk ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f, bu d\u00f6nem Nebtawyra Mentuhotep IV\u2019\u00fcn h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na denk gelmektedir. Mentuhotep IV, kral listelerinde yer almad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in taht\u0131 gasp etmi\u015f olabilir. Annesi kraliyet ailesinden gelmeyen bir halk kad\u0131n\u0131yd\u0131, bu y\u00fczden kendisi de kraliyet soyundan olmayabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mentuhotep IV hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok az bilgi bulunmaktad\u0131r, ancak ta\u015f ocaklar\u0131 seferleri d\u00fczenledi\u011fi bilinmektedir. Hatnub traverten oca\u011f\u0131ndaki yaz\u0131tlar, Orta M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgesel valilerin sorun \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. En \u00f6nemli olaylardan biri, Wadi Hammamat\u2019a d\u00fczenlenen ta\u015f oca\u011f\u0131 seferidir. Bu seferi y\u00f6neten vezir Amenemhat, ta\u015f oca\u011f\u0131nda iki ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc alameti kaydettirmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir ceylan\u0131n, kral\u0131n lahit kapa\u011f\u0131 olarak se\u00e7ilen ta\u015f\u0131n \u00fczerinde do\u011fum yapmas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eiddetli bir ya\u011fmur f\u0131rt\u0131nas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, tamamen suyla dolu 10 ar\u015f\u0131n karelik bir kuyunun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 Bu ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc ke\u015fifler, b\u00f6lgenin \u00e7orak do\u011fas\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda mucizevi olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir. 12. Hanedan\u2019\u0131n ilk kral\u0131 olan Amenemhat\u2019\u0131n, bu seferi y\u00f6neten ayn\u0131 ki\u015fi olmas\u0131 kuvvetle muhtemeldir. 11. Hanedan\u2019daki y\u00fcksek yetkililer gibi, Amenemhat da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc pozisyonlara sahipti. Kral\u0131n zay\u0131fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya uygun bir erkek varisin olmamas\u0131, taht\u0131n vezire ge\u00e7mesine neden olmu\u015f olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osiris K\u00fclt\u00fc ve “\u00d6l\u00fcler i\u00e7in Demokrasi”<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6nerilen Yaz\u0131lar <\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Orta Krall\u0131k\u2019\u0131n K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orta Krall\u0131k\u2019\u0131n D\u00fcnya ile Ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Orta Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi Birinci ve \u0130kinci Ara D\u00f6nemlerden farkl\u0131 olarak, Orta Krall\u0131k (M.\u00d6. 2055-1650) siyasi bir birlik olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Bu d\u00f6nemin temelini iki siyasi a\u015fama olu\u015fturur: 11. Hanedan, Yukar\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki Thebes kentinden y\u00f6netilmi\u015f, 12. Hanedan ise Faiyum b\u00f6lgesindeki Lisht merkezli olmu\u015ftur. \u00d6nceki tarih\u00e7iler, 11. ve 12. Hanedanlar\u0131n Orta Krall\u0131k\u2019\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Ancak, daha yeni ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, … <\/p>\n

Continue reading “Orta Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi”<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"eski-krallik-donemi","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-97","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":"","post_slider_layout_landscape_large":"","post_slider_layout_portrait_large":"","post_slider_layout_square_large":"","post_slider_layout_landscape":"","post_slider_layout_portrait":"","post_slider_layout_square":"","full":""},"yoast_head":"\nOrta Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi - M\u0131s\u0131rbilim Ansiklopedisi - Egyptology Encyclopedia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/orta-krallik-donemi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Orta Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi - M\u0131s\u0131rbilim Ansiklopedisi - Egyptology Encyclopedia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Orta Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi Birinci ve \u0130kinci Ara D\u00f6nemlerden farkl\u0131 olarak, Orta Krall\u0131k (M.\u00d6. 2055-1650) siyasi bir birlik olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. 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