{"id":85,"date":"2025-05-17T00:30:10","date_gmt":"2025-05-16T21:30:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/egyptologytr.wordpress.com\/?page_id=85"},"modified":"2025-10-20T11:27:15","modified_gmt":"2025-10-20T11:27:15","slug":"eski-krallik-donemi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/eski-krallik-donemi\/","title":{"rendered":"Eski Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bu sayfadaki i\u00e7eriklerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Referanslar<\/em> <\/a>k\u0131sm\u0131nda belirtilen akademik kaynaklardan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Birinci Hanedan<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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M\u00d6 3150 civar\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131rdaki \u0130lk hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurulmu\u015ftu Yukar\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r Kral\u0131 olan Narmer daha sonra Menes yani “kurucu” olarak an\u0131lacak siyasi ve askeri g\u00fcc\u00fc ile  \u0130ki ayr\u0131 b\u00f6lgeyi birle\u015ftirmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece Narmer, Eski M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n ilk firavunu oldu ve Birinci Hanedanl\u0131k’\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. \u0130ki \u0130ngiliz arkeolo\u011fun 1897 \u2013 1898 y\u0131l\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaz\u0131da bir ke\u015ffe dayanarak, M\u0131s\u0131rbilimciler Narmer’in Yukar\u0131 ve A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131 birle\u015ftirdi\u011fini belirlediler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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James Quibell <\/strong>1<\/a><\/sup> ve Frederick Green<\/strong> 2<\/a><\/sup> Etkileyici bir nesne i\u00e7eren eski bir tap\u0131nak ke\u015ffettiler: Narmer paleti ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri oyulmu\u015f bir ta\u015f levhayd\u0131 . Paletinin her iki y\u00fcz\u00fcnde de resimler vard\u0131. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 ve Yukar\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n tek bir firavun alt\u0131nda birle\u015fti\u011fini duyurmak i\u00e7in oyulmu\u015flard\u0131. Bir tarafta, A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n takt\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 ta\u00e7l\u0131 bir adam vard\u0131. Adam, sava\u015f alan\u0131ndaki \u00f6l\u00fc askerlere bak\u0131yordu. Bir yay\u0131n bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bir keski hiyeroglifi, firavunun ad\u0131n\u0131, Narmer’i yaz\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

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Yukar\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r. Bir eliyle sopa benzeri bir g\u00fcrz\u00fc kald\u0131r\u0131rken, di\u011fer eliyle yakalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na indirmeye haz\u0131r olarak g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Resmin \u00fcst\u00fcndeki yaz\u0131da \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor: “\u015eahin ba\u015fl\u0131 tanr\u0131 Horus’un v\u00fccut bulmu\u015f hali olan Firavun, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sa\u011f koluyla Batakl\u0131k-sakinlerini tutsak ediyor.<\/em><\/mark>“<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Bu d\u00f6neme ait arkeolojik bilgilerin \u00e7ok net olmamas\u0131 sebebiyle, baz\u0131 Bilim adamlar\u0131 Manetho’nun listesinde yer alan Menes ile Narmer’in hiyerogliflerdeki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm benzerli\u011fi nedeni ayn\u0131 ki\u015fi oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerken, baz\u0131 Bilim adamlar\u0131 ise Narmer’in o\u011flu ve veliaht\u0131 (ondan sonra gelen) olan Hor-Aha ile Menes’in ayn\u0131 ki\u015fi oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Ortaya at\u0131lan ba\u015fka bir teoriye g\u00f6re ise, Narmer’in M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131 as\u0131l olarak birle\u015ftiren ve Akrep Kral olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bir Yukar\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r Firavunun yerine acilen tahta ge\u00e7mek zorunda olan veliaht\u0131 oldu\u011fu \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n birle\u015ftirilmesi zaferinin bu h\u0131zl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklik nedeni ile Narmer’e ithaf edildi\u011fi iddia edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

1985 ve 1991 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Den’s ve Qa’a’s mezarlar\u0131nda bulunan firavunlar listesinde, Narmer’den A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 ve Yukar\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n birle\u015ftiricisi olarak bahsedilirken, Hor-Aha’n\u0131n onun yerine tahta ge\u00e7ti\u011finden bahsedilmi\u015f fakat Menes’e ait hi\u00e7bir kayda rastlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kar\u0131s\u0131 Neiphotep A ile 2 o\u011flu olan Narmer’in ilk o\u011flu Hor-Aha; Narmer’den sonra tahta ge\u00e7mi\u015f ondan sonra ise tahta k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck o\u011flu Djer ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Abidos’un Umm el Ga’ab, b\u00f6lgesindeki krallar mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda iki oda (B17&B18) \u015feklinde ke\u015ffedilen Narmer’in mezar\u0131, kendisinden \u00f6nce h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne inan\u0131lan Ka’n\u0131n (Akrep Kral) mezar\u0131 yak\u0131n\u0131nda bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Narmer Tabletinin \u00d6n ve Arka Y\u00fczleri <\/em><\/strong>3<\/a><\/sup>
<\/em><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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1994 yaz\u0131nda \u0130srail’deki Nahal Tillah kaz\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda bulunan seramik bir par\u00e7a \u00fczerinde 1898’de bulunan Narmer Tabletlerindeki firavun sembol\u00fcn\u00fcn ayn\u0131s\u0131na rastlanm\u0131\u015f, daha sonra yap\u0131lan tarihlendirme ve mineral testleri sonucunda s\u00f6z konusu seramik par\u00e7an\u0131n 5000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce \u0130srail’e M\u0131s\u0131r’dan getirilmi\u015f olan bir \u015farap karaf\u0131na ait oldu\u011fu saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Narmer’den sonra Hor aha Erken Hanedanl\u0131k d\u00f6neminin ikinci kral\u0131d\u0131r . Kay\u0131tlarda otuz ya\u015f\u0131nda tahta ge\u00e7ti\u011fi ve 62 ya\u015f\u0131na kadar h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilen Hor-Aha’n\u0131n, baz\u0131 Antik M\u0131s\u0131r tarih\u00e7ileri taraf\u0131ndan efsanevi Menes ile ayn\u0131 ki\u015fi oldu\u011fu iddia edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As\u0131l ad\u0131 Ity olan fakat tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra Hor-Aha (Sazl\u0131klar \u00dczerinde Ra) ismini alan firavun’un, baz\u0131 kaynaklarda bahsedilen M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n birle\u015ftiricisi efsanevi Menes olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda en kesin arkeolojik kan\u0131t olan Narmer Tabletinde ‘nde yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Tablete g\u00f6re M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n as\u0131l birle\u015ftiricisi Hor-Aha’n\u0131n babas\u0131 Narmer olarak anlat\u0131lmakta ve Hor-Aha’n\u0131nda onun o\u011flu ve ondan sonra tahta ge\u00e7en veliaht\u0131 oldu\u011fundan bahsedilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Djer (Zer veya Sekhty) Antik M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n Birinci Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc firavunudur M\u00d6 3050 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131 ve 40 y\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Djer’in veya kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n mumyalanm\u0131\u015f bir \u00f6n kolu Flinders Petrie taraf\u0131ndan ke\u015ffedilmi\u015ftir daha sonra Emile Brugsch taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u00f6pe at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Hanedan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

 D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc hanedan h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131, Antik M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n Devlet otoritesini en y\u00fcksek noktaya getirdilerdiler \u00fclkenin istikrar ve refah\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvencesi olan ilahi h\u00fck\u00fcmdar fikri Hi\u00e7bir haleflerinin bir daha ula\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde, tam anlam\u0131yla merkezci bir devlet kurdular. Bir piramide benzetilen toplumsal d\u00fczenin zirvesinde, ya\u015fayan bir tanr\u0131 olan firavun vard\u0131. Firavun, devletin t\u00fcm g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn kayna\u011f\u0131 ve t\u00fcm M\u0131s\u0131r halk\u0131n\u0131n refah\u0131n\u0131n garant\u00f6r\u00fcyd\u00fc. Hem devlet y\u00f6netiminde hem de orduda en y\u00fcksek makamlar\u0131 onlar\u0131n kont\u00f6r\u00fcndeydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

En yak\u0131n akrabalar\u0131na y\u00f6netim ve dinsel k\u00fcltler konusunda ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar tan\u0131d\u0131 ve bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck y\u00f6netici grup, devleti gitgide daha kalabal\u0131k bir alt b\u00fcrokrasi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla y\u00f6netti. Ticaret ve zanaat devlet m\u00fclkiyetindeydi. En kalabal\u0131k ve en alt sosyal grup olan k\u0131rsal tar\u0131m n\u00fcfusu, serf stat\u00fcs\u00fcndeydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Daha sonraki geleneklere g\u00f6re, Huni\u2019nin Halefi olan Sneferu (M\u00d6 2649-2609) b\u00fcy\u00fck ve iyiliksever bir krald\u0131. B\u00f6yle bir \u00fcn, \u201ciyi\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7eren ad\u0131yla ve b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ola\u011fand\u0131\u015f\u0131 mimari an\u0131tlarla peki\u015fmi\u015f olabilirdi. Meidum’daki bir piramidin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Sneferu<\/a>‘nun ger\u00e7ek ikametg\u00e2h\u0131 olan Djedsneferu’nun da bulundu\u011fu yer, ayn\u0131 zamanda Dahshur’daki Bent Piramidi ve K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Piramit olarak bilinen iki b\u00fcy\u00fck piramidin de sorumlusuydu. Meidum\u2019u terk edip Dahshur\u2019da yeni bir kraliyet ikametg\u00e2h\u0131 kurmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndaki nedenler tam olarak a\u00e7\u0131k de\u011fildir. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015fkente daha yak\u0131n olma giri\u015fimiyle ilgili olmas\u0131 ile ancak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bent Piramidi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maidum Piramidi <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u0131z\u0131l Piramit
<\/a>
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nebuhedj (sonra ismi Memfis) kentinde ya da belki de bir aile mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015flerdi. Sneferu<\/a>\u2019nun ailesinin ilk ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lanlar Meidum\u2019a, sonraki ku\u015fak ise Dah\u015fur\u2019a g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmekte. Bent Piramidi\u2019nin in\u015fas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, jeolojik temelin istikrars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 in\u015faat\u0131 tehdit etti ve piramidin kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc \u015feklini veren in\u015faat plan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirildi. Bu piramit tamamlanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Sneferu\u2019nun g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ba\u015fka bir piramit daha in\u015fa ettirildi. En son yap\u0131lan arkeolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, bu piramidin, Sneferu\u2019nun ilk piramidi olan Meidum\u2019daki piramitten daha iyi bir \u015fekilde in\u015fa edildi\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Sneferu, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck de olsa bir ba\u015fka piramitten daha  sorumluydu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Faiyum Vahas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fu ucunda, Sila\u2019da kayal\u0131k bir tepecik \u00fczerinde duruyor ve muhtemelen tamamen devlet-sembolik bir \u00f6neme sahipti. Sneferu\u2019nun d\u00f6rt piramidi, yakla\u015f\u0131k 3,7 milyon metrek\u00fcp ta\u015f i\u00e7eriyordu. Bu da onu M\u0131s\u0131r tarihinde en \u00e7ok piramit in\u015fa eden ki\u015fi yap\u0131yordu. Piramidlerin yap\u0131m\u0131 bu d\u00f6nemin ekonomik refah seviyesinde g\u00f6stermektedir. Hammadde madencili\u011finin yaz\u0131l\u0131 kay\u0131tlar\u0131, nubia’n\u0131n uzak ve nispeten eri\u015filemeyen b\u00f6lgelerinde bile ve Sina’y\u0131 ve Levant’\u0131n baz\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131yla ticaret temaslar\u0131n\u0131 (M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n di\u011fer mallar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra elde etti\u011fi, y\u00fcksek kaliteli kereste) bu resimle uyumludur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sneferu\u2019nun k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck o\u011flu ve ba\u015f Krali\u00e7e I. Hetepheres\u2019in o\u011flu Khnemkhufu, ad\u0131n\u0131n daha k\u0131sa versiyonu olan Khufu (M.\u00d6. 2609-2584) olarak daha iyi bilinir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a iktidara geldi \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc taht\u0131n varisi erken \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f olan Khufu, kraliyet reisi daha kuzeyde, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Giza’s\u0131na ve orada, libya \u00e7\u00f6l platosunun kayal\u0131k bir burnunda, o yeni bir kraliyet mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurdu, Sneferu’nun mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na devam etti. merkezi g\u00fcc\u00fc peki\u015ftirme ve in\u015fa etme politikas\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devlet. Zengin ganimet devlet hazinesine akt\u0131 Nubia ve Libya\u2019daki askeri seferlerinden. D\u00f6nemin dikkat \u00e7ekici yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri, Helvan\u2019\u0131n do\u011fusundaki da\u011flarda, Wadi Geravi\u2019de bulunan, arkeolojik olarak kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f en eski antik M\u0131s\u0131r baraj\u0131 olan Sadd el-Kafara<\/a>\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khufu Sneferu\u2019dan  daha \u00e7ok in\u015faat ile ilgilendi\u011fi bilinir. Giza’daki B\u00fcy\u00fck Piramit, ve di\u011ferleri hayranl\u0131k uyand\u0131r\u0131yor sadece b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve k\u00f6keni i\u00e7in de-odalar ve ge\u00e7itler sisteminin kalitesi, k\u0131smen bmderground ve k\u0131smen piramidin i\u00e7inde astar. B\u00fcy\u00fck Galeri ve \u00f6zellikle de Kral Odas\u0131, eski M\u0131s\u0131r mimarisinin \u015faheserleridir. Piramidin yan\u0131nda bir vadi tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131, bir ge\u00e7it, piramidin do\u011fu ete\u011finde bir morg tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 ve be\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00fc kay\u0131\u011f\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok ba\u015fka yap\u0131da vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck Piramit\u2019in do\u011fu ve g\u00fcney taraflar\u0131ndaki \u00e7ukurlara yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015fti. Khufu\u2019nun annesi ve e\u015flerine ait \u00fc\u00e7 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck piramit de komplekse dahildi; en kuzeydeki muhtemelen Khufu\u2019nun annesine aitti. Hetepheres I, Meretites\u2019in ortas\u0131, belki de Khutu\u2019nun e\u015flerinin en ya\u015fl\u0131s\u0131 ve en g\u00fcneyi Krali\u00e7e Henutsen\u2019e atfedilmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck Piramit\u2019in do\u011fusunda, kraliyet ailesi \u00fcyeleri ve y\u00fcksek devlet g\u00f6revlileri i\u00e7in bir mezarl\u0131k kuruldu. Bu ki\u015filerin \u00f6l\u00fcmden sonra firavunun g\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015famaya devam etmekten ba\u015fka bir istekleri yoktu. Piramidin bat\u0131s\u0131nda, ba\u015fka bir b\u00fcy\u00fck mezarl\u0131k daha vard\u0131. Bu, piramidin in\u015faat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ve y\u00f6neticilerinin, cenaze rahiplerinin ve \u00f6nemli memurlar\u0131n g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerdi. Yap\u0131y\u0131 payla\u015fan zanaatkarlar ve sanat\u00e7\u0131lar \u00e7ok uzak olmayan bir yerde kendileri i\u00e7in bir mezarl\u0131k kurdular. giza’n\u0131n g\u00fcneydo\u011fu kenar\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yerin yak\u0131n\u0131nda f\u0131r\u0131n, yiyecek deposu ve sa\u011flanan di\u011fer tesisler istihdam edilen \u00e7ok say\u0131da insan i\u00e7in r\u0131z\u0131k piramidin in\u015fas\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir \u00f6l\u00fc k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fcn uzun vadeli deste\u011fi, \u00f6l\u00fc m\u00fclkleri olarak bilinen m\u00fclklerden elde edilen gelire ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. H\u00fck\u00fcmdar, bir mezar\u0131n sahibine, l\u00fctfunun bir ifadesi olarak bu t\u00fcr bir gelir bah\u015federdi. Mezar\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131 firavunun l\u00fctfuna ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131, mezarl\u0131kta bir yer tahsisiyle ba\u015fl\u0131yor ve kral\u0131n ta\u015f ocaklar\u0131ndan ta\u015f kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na onay vermesiyle sona eriyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck piramitlerin ve b\u00fcy\u00fck kom\u015fu mezarl\u0131klar\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131, \u00f6l\u00fcm k\u00fcltlerinin kurulmas\u0131, M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n maddi kaynaklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde ciddi bir y\u00fck olu\u015fturuyordu ve emek kaynaklar\u0131, Bu, nihayetinde, \u00fclkenin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve g\u00f6rkemi doruk noktas\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015fken ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan b\u00fcy\u00fcyen ekonomik ve sosyal zorluklar\u0131n bir nedeni oldu. Khufu\u2019nun o\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olan Veliaht  Kawab\u2019\u0131n beklenmedik \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, muhtemelen kraliyet ailesinde bir b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeye yol a\u00e7t\u0131 ve bu da d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc hanedan\u0131n kademeli olarak gerilemesine ve yok olmas\u0131na katk\u0131da bulundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khufu\u2019yu Djedefre (M.\u00d6. 2584-2576) izledi, muhtemelen do\u011frudan me\u015fru veraset yoluyla iktidara gelmedi, Djedetre muhtemelen g\u00fcne\u015f k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fc destekledi. Bu, o zamanlar M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da yayg\u0131nd\u0131. Piramidini Gize\u2019de de\u011fil, birka\u00e7 kilometre kuzeyde, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Kahire\u2019nin yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda in\u015fa etti. Abu Rowash k\u00f6y\u00fc. Daha \u00f6nce piramidin hi\u00e7 tamamlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 san\u0131l\u0131yordu, ama \u015fimdi kan\u0131tlar, piramidin \u00f6zellikle k\u00f6t\u00fc bir \u015fekilde tahrip edildi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak verilen hasar, piramidin \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n tamamen y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Djedefre’nin mezar kompleksi, Khufu<\/a>‘nun k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck o\u011flu Khafre<\/a>‘nin (M.\u00d6.2576-2551), bir zamanlar kraliyet ailesi i\u00e7indeki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n kan\u0131t\u0131 olarak kabul edilmi\u015fti. Ancak bug\u00fcn, kompleksin y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ancak \u00e7ok daha sonra, \u00f6zellikle Roma d\u00f6neminde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fine inan\u0131l\u0131yor. Kompleksin y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n, kraliyet ailesi i\u00e7indeki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmadan m\u0131 yoksa ba\u015fka bir nedenden mi kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k de\u011fil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Djedetres<\/a>\u2019in kar\u0131s\u0131 Khentetenka<\/a> Abu Rowash\u2019a g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fc. E\u015flerinden bir di\u011feri de b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle Hetepheres <\/a>idi. Bug\u00fcn Louvre\u2019da bulunan Djedetre\u2019nin \u00fcnl\u00fc heykelleri Abu Rowash\u2019ta bulundu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re khafre\u2019de kraliyet soyunun ana kolu iktidara geri d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f, ama g\u00fcne\u015f k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fcn etkisi artmaya devam etmi\u015f. Khafre\u2019nin de bir piramit kompleksi in\u015fa ettirdi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Giza’da. Piramidin tepesinde, neredeyse Khufu’nunki kadar y\u00fcksek olan, tepenin par\u00e7alar\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Vadi tap\u0131naklar\u0131n\u0131n mimarisi, sert ve geometrik ama yine de etkili tarz\u0131yla ay\u0131rt edilir. Vadi tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131, Khafre\u2019nin taht\u0131nda oturmu\u015f, ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131nda, kanatlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f \u015fahin tanr\u0131 Horus\u2019un korudu\u011fu \u00fcnl\u00fc diorit heykelinin (\u015fimdi Kahire\u2019deki M\u0131s\u0131r M\u00fczesi\u2019nde) bulundu\u011fu yerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck Sfenks ve \u00f6n pen\u00e7elerinin \u00f6n\u00fcnde uzanan tap\u0131nak da bu yap\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7alar\u0131d\u0131r. kompleksin (baz\u0131lar\u0131 Sfenks\u2019i daha \u00f6nceki Khufu\u2019ya atfetse de).Muhtemelen Sneferu taraf\u0131ndan kurulan hanedan\u0131n son me\u015fru h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 zamanda piramidi Gize\u2019de in\u015fa edilen son ki\u015fi, Khafre\u2019nin o\u011fluydu. Menkaure (M\u00d6 2551-2523). Piramidi, Gize\u2019deki \u00fc\u00e7 kraliyet piramidinin en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr ve mezar kompleksinin baz\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri halefi taraf\u0131ndan aceleyle tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vadi tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131ndaki arkeolojik kaz\u0131larda, \u00fcnl\u00fc Sfenks\u2019in heykelt\u0131ra\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131 olan \u201cKha-ef-Ra\u201d yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir granit blok bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Menkaure \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcs\u00fc”, firavunu tanr\u0131\u00e7a Hathor ve birka\u00e7 M\u0131s\u0131r b\u00f6lgesinin \u00f6nde gelen tanr\u0131lar\u0131 e\u015fli\u011finde temsil ediyor.Menkaure’nin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan, M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck piramidi olan Keops Piramid<\/a>i’nin in\u015fas\u0131na ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Muhtemelen me\u015fru veliaht\u0131 olan o\u011flu Khuenre\u2019nin erken \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olan hanedan krizi. Menkaure\u2019nin yerine Shepseskaf (h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k d\u00f6nemi 2523-2515) ge\u00e7ti., muhtemelen ikincil bir e\u015ften olma o\u011flu. Shepseskaf <\/a>selefinin piramit kompleksinin in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 tamamlad\u0131, ama kendi mezar\u0131n\u0131 G\u00fcney Sakkara<\/a>\u2019da uzak bir yere in\u015fa etti. Bug\u00fcn Arap\u00e7a ad\u0131yla, Mastabat Faraun<\/a> (“Firavun’un sediri”) olarak biliniyor. Mezar\u0131n bi\u00e7imi bazen bir piramidin ilk evresi olarak yorumlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Shepseskaf<\/a>\u2019\u0131n, piramit bi\u00e7iminin yak\u0131ndan ili\u015fkili oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen g\u00fcne\u015f rahibi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n artan siyasi g\u00fcc\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 muhalefetinin bir ifadesi olarak yanl\u0131\u015f bir \u015fekilde kabul edildi. Piramidin nispeten k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boyutlar\u0131, Shepseskaf\u2019\u0131n, piramit bi\u00e7iminin yak\u0131ndan ili\u015fkili oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen g\u00fcne\u015f rahibi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n artan siyasi g\u00fcc\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 muhalefetinin bir ifadesi olarak yanl\u0131\u015f bir \u015fekilde kabul edildi.Shepseskaf\u2019\u0131n mezar\u0131, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc hanedan\u0131n sonunda firavunlar\u0131n ekonomik ve politik g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn kademeli olarak azald\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair daha fazla kan\u0131t sa\u011fl\u0131yor. D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc hanedan\u0131n yok olu\u015fu ve be\u015finci hanedan\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fi, Eski Krall\u0131k\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcndeki en kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k soya\u011fac\u0131 ve tarihsel sorunlardan birini olu\u015fturur. Bu d\u00f6nemde, kraliyet ailesinin soya\u011fac\u0131 ve krallar\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k s\u00fcreleri konusunda, Eski Krall\u0131k\u2019\u0131n di\u011fer d\u00f6nemlerine k\u0131yasla daha fazla bilgi vard\u0131r. Bu karanl\u0131k d\u00f6nemde, Menkaure<\/a>\u2019nin k\u0131z\u0131 oldu\u011fu tahmin edilen Krali\u00e7e Khentkawes <\/a>\u2019in \u00f6nemli bir rol\u00fc vard\u0131. \u0130zole edilmi\u015f iki basamakl\u0131 mezar\u0131, Menkaure\u2019nin Gize\u2019deki vadi tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131nda yer al\u0131yordu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Kraliyet Ailenin erkek taraf\u0131nda soyu t\u00fckendi, ba\u011flant\u0131 haline gelen bu krali\u00e7e, kraliyet annesiydi eski Sneferu hatt\u0131 ile yeni Sneferu hatt\u0131 aras\u0131nda be\u015finci hanedan\u0131n firavunlar\u0131 gibi “g\u00fcne\u015f krallar\u0131” baz\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r bug\u00fcn times arad\u0131. Krali\u00e7e, eski M\u0131s\u0131r tarihinde e\u015fi benzeri olmayan bir unvan\u0131n sahibiydi. Bu unvan, \u201c\u0130ki \u00dclkenin Han\u0131m\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131na geliyordu. \u0130ki \u015fekilde ifade edilmi\u015fti, her ikisi de dilbilgisi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan do\u011fru ama anlamlar\u0131 tamamen farkl\u0131yd\u0131: “Yukar\u0131 ve A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n \u0130ki Kral\u0131n\u0131n Annesi” ya da “Yukar\u0131 ve A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n Kral\u0131 ve Yukar\u0131 ve A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n Kral\u0131n\u0131n Annesi.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khufu Piramidi<\/a> (keops) <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kefren Piramidi<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Menkaure Piramidi
<\/strong><\/a>
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Be\u015finci Hanedan <\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Be\u015finci hanedan\u0131n toplam y\u0131l say\u0131s\u0131 Torion <\/a>Papir\u00fcs\u00fcnde kronoloji malesef korunmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Manetho 248 y\u0131l oldu\u011funu bildiriyor, ancak ger\u00e7ek s\u00fcresi muhtemelen yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak 150 y\u0131l oldu\u011fu tahmin edilmekte.  H\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k s\u0131ras\u0131na g\u00f6re krallar\u0131 Userkaf, Sahure’dir, Neferirkare Kakai, Shepseskare, Raneferef, Newoserre.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131r tarihinde, D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Hanedanl\u0131k’tan Be\u015finci Hanedanl\u0131k’a ge\u00e7i\u015fin, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir muhalefet veya \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, genellikle bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi<\/strong> d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu, bir hanedan de\u011fi\u015fimi olmaktan \u00e7ok, kraliyet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn ve dini odak noktas\u0131n\u0131n yeniden hizalanmas\u0131 gibiydi. \u00d6zellikle g\u00fcne\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131 Ra k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fcn artan etkisi bu d\u00f6nemde belirginle\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Be\u015finci Hanedanl\u0131k’\u0131n ilerleyen d\u00f6nemlerinde tahta \u00e7\u0131kan firavunlar aras\u0131nda Menkauhor, Djedkare \u0130sesi ve Unas yer al\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemdeki h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n saltanat s\u00fcreleri de\u011fi\u015fkendi. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Sakkara’daki vezir Ptahshepses<\/a>‘in uzun biyografisi, onun Be\u015finci Hanedanl\u0131k’tan birden fazla krala hizmet etti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir; bu da baz\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131klar\u0131n g\u00f6receli olarak k\u0131sa s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne i\u015faret edebilir. Ancak, her h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n saltanat\u0131n\u0131n bir nesil s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi kesin bir genelleme yapmak do\u011fru de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Be\u015finci Hanedanl\u0131k’\u0131n ilk \u00fc\u00e7 kral\u0131 olan Userkaf, Sahure ve Neferirkare Kakai’nin k\u00f6keni ve birbiriyle olan kesin aile ba\u011flar\u0131 hala M\u0131s\u0131rbilimciler aras\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015fma konusudur.<\/strong> Melik (1997) gibi baz\u0131 uzmanlar, bu krallar\u0131n D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Hanedanl\u0131k’\u0131n son kral\u0131 Menkaure’nin farkl\u0131 e\u015flerinden gelmi\u015f olabilece\u011fi teorisini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Orta Krall\u0131k d\u00f6neminden kalma bir edebi metin olan Westcar Papir\u00fcs\u00fc<\/a>‘n\u00fcn bu ilk \u00fc\u00e7 kral\u0131 “karde\u015f” olarak tan\u0131mlamas\u0131<\/strong> da bu tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 besleyen noktalardan biridir; ancak papir\u00fcs\u00fcn efsanevi niteli\u011fi, tarihsel kesinli\u011fini sorgulat\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Be\u015finci hanedan\u0131n en \u00f6nemli olaylar\u0131, Palermo Ta\u015f\u0131<\/a>\u2019nda k\u0131smen korunan Eski Krall\u0131k y\u0131ll\u0131klar\u0131nda kaydedilmi\u015ftir. Bu y\u0131ll\u0131klar, hanedan\u0131n ilk d\u00f6rt hanedan\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k d\u00f6nemlerini de kapsar. Kay\u0131tlar Neferirkar<\/a>e\u2019nin h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sona erer, ba\u015fka kaynaklara ba\u015fvurmak gerekir. Bunlar aras\u0131nda kraliyet ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla Giza nekropollerinden \u00f6zel an\u0131tlar ve Sakkara<\/a>‘n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra idari kay\u0131tlar Neferirkare <\/a>ve Neferefre <\/a>mezar tap\u0131naklar\u0131 ve kuzeye (Sina<\/a>) yap\u0131lan seferler taraf\u0131ndan b\u0131rak\u0131lan yaz\u0131lar, Do\u011fu \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc (Wadi Hamam<\/a>\u0131) ve g\u00fcney (Gibi-wan, Nubia).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7 politika a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, be\u015finci hanedan bir de\u011fi\u015fim d\u00f6nemiydi. Krallar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nderli\u011finde, tanr\u0131-krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n merkezi devleti, b\u00fcrokratik bir devlete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. En y\u00fcksek makamlar -mesela vezir ve ordu komutan\u0131 art\u0131k sadece prensler taraf\u0131ndan tutulmuyordu. Yeni bir y\u00fckselen memur s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Be\u015finci hanedan\u0131n ortas\u0131ndan itibaren, nomlar (\u015fehirler) art\u0131k kraliyet ikametg\u00e2h\u0131nda (yani ba\u015fkentte) de\u011fil, denetledikleri b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fayan g\u00f6revliler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netiliyordu. Bu y\u00f6neticilerin hizmetleri, kendilerine tahsis edilen araziler ve vergilerden elde edilen gelirlerle kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131yordu. \u0130lk ba\u015fta araziler ve insan g\u00fcc\u00fc do\u011frudan do\u011fruya devlete aitti ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131 ve kral\u0131n mal\u0131 olarak kald\u0131. B\u00fcrolar miras yoluyla devredilebilir hale gelince, \u00f6deme olarak verilen topraklar ve insanlar \u00f6zel m\u00fclk oldu. B\u00f6ylece merkezi olmayan bir \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131f yarat\u0131ld\u0131. Nomarch<\/a>lar (vilayet valileri) ba\u015fkent yerine kendi vilayetlerinde g\u00f6m\u00fclmeyi istediler. Bu, saraydan giderek uzakla\u015fmay\u0131 te\u015fvik etti ve idarenin merkezden uzakla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00fcksek memurlar\u0131n mezarlar\u0131, zenginlikleri artt\u0131k\u00e7a daha an\u0131tsal hale geldi. K\u00fclt odalar\u0131 renkli kabartmalarla s\u00fcslenmi\u015fti; heykeller, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman gizlenmi\u015f olarak k\u00fclt odalar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7lerine yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015fti. \u00d6zel sipari\u015fler i\u00e7in, kraliyet komisyonlar\u0131 i\u00e7in yap\u0131lanlarla k\u0131yaslanabilecek kalitede sanat eserleri yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Be\u015finci Hanedanl\u0131k’\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda, Ptah<\/a>‘\u0131n y\u00fcksek rahibi Ranefer<\/a>‘in heykelleri, d\u00f6nemin sanatsal ustal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serer. Bu d\u00f6nem ayn\u0131 zamanda, krallar kadar olmasa da, se\u00e7kin memurlar\u0131n da kendilerine ait biyografik verileri mezarlar\u0131na kaydettirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir zaman dilimiydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gize’de bir mezarda ke\u015ffedilen Nesytpunetjer adl\u0131 bir memurun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmekle birlikte, onun ya\u015fam s\u00fcresi ve kariyeri hakk\u0131nda kesin bilgilere sahip de\u011filiz. Baz\u0131 kay\u0131tlar onun D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Hanedanl\u0131k’tan Be\u015finci Hanedanl\u0131k’a kadar uzanan bir d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrse de, bu bilgi M\u0131s\u0131rbiliminde yayg\u0131n olarak kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f kesin bir ba\u011flant\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6te yandan, Prens Sekhemkare, D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Hanedanl\u0131k firavunu Khufu<\/a>‘nun o\u011fluydu ve Dahshur<\/a>‘da g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Onun Be\u015finci Hanedanl\u0131k kral\u0131 Sahure’nin saltanat\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f veya \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131 gibi bir durum s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir, zira farkl\u0131 kronolojik d\u00f6nemlere aittirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sakkara<\/a>‘daki mastabas\u0131ndan tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00f6nemli vezir ve Ptah<\/a>‘\u0131n ba\u015frahibi Ptahshepses<\/a>, ger\u00e7ekten de Be\u015finci Hanedanl\u0131k d\u00f6neminde uzun ve ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir kariyere sahipti. Onun biyografisi, \u00f6zellikle Nyuserre’den Unas’a kadar olan d\u00f6nemi kapsar ve bu d\u00f6nemin siyasi ve dini atmosferine dair de\u011ferli bilgiler sunar. Ptahshepses’in kariyeri, krallar\u0131n saltanat s\u00fcrelerinin bazen k\u0131sa olabilece\u011fi bir d\u00f6nemde, y\u00fcksek memurlar\u0131n nas\u0131l bir s\u00fcreklilik sa\u011flayabildi\u011fini de g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Din alan\u0131nda, Osiris kavram\u0131 ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u00fckseli\u015fini ya\u015fad\u0131. Osiris fig\u00fcr\u00fc, \u00f6l\u00fc kral\u0131n yeralt\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndaki kaderine ili\u015fkin bir fikirden do\u011fdu. Kral, \u00f6l\u00fcmde bir Osiris <\/a>oluyordu. G\u00fcne\u015f k\u00fclt\u00fc<\/strong> ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Osiris k\u00fclt\u00fc<\/a><\/strong> aras\u0131ndaki ikilemin etkisiyle kral mezar\u0131 yeniden tasarland\u0131. Piramit tesislerine yak\u0131n, \u00f6zerk kompleksler olarak duran g\u00fcne\u015f tap\u0131naklar\u0131 kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Userkaf (“Ka’s\u0131 G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr” anlam\u0131na gelir; Horus ad\u0131 Iry-Ma’at, yani “Ma’at’\u0131n Uygulay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131”), Antik M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n Be\u015finci Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n ilk firavunudur. Yakla\u015f\u0131k yedi y\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc san\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Userkaf, kendisinden \u00f6nceki D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Hanedanl\u0131k’\u0131n devasa piramit komplekslerinden farkl\u0131 bir mimari ve dini odaklanma ba\u015flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Userkaf’\u0131n Sakkara’daki piramit kompleksi, “Userkaf’\u0131n Yerleri Temizdir” ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu piramit, D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Hanedanl\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131nkine k\u0131yasla daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boyutludur. Ancak Userkaf, M\u0131s\u0131r’da g\u00fcne\u015f tap\u0131naklar\u0131 in\u015fa etme gelene\u011fini kuran ilk firavun olarak tarihe ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Bu t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ilk \u00f6rne\u011fi olan g\u00fcne\u015f tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131, “Re’nin Kalesi” olarak da bilinen, Abu Gorab’daki Nekropol b\u00f6lgesinde yer al\u0131r. Kompleks; bir vadi tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131, bir ge\u00e7it yolu ve bir \u00fcst tap\u0131naktan olu\u015fuyordu. Ancak, piramit bir mezar odas\u0131 yerine, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z duran bir dikilita\u015f\u0131n bulundu\u011fu geni\u015f bir a\u00e7\u0131k avluya sahipti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Userkaf’\u0131n saltanat\u0131na dair elde \u00e7ok fazla detayl\u0131 bilgi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Ancak, Yukar\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r’daki Tod \u015fehrinde bir tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 emretti\u011fi ve bu yap\u0131dan baz\u0131 kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Eski Krall\u0131k y\u0131ll\u0131klar\u0131nda bahsedilen ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar, Heliopolis tanr\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in saltanat\u0131n\u0131n 2. ve 6. y\u0131llar\u0131nda, Buto tanr\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in ise 6. y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen ba\u015fka in\u015faat projeleriyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayr\u0131ca, Userkaf d\u00f6neminde Do\u011fu \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc’nden geldi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen bir hara\u00e7 kayd\u0131 da mevcuttur. Bu durum, onun saltanat\u0131n\u0131n ikinci y\u0131l\u0131nda askeri seferler d\u00fczenlemi\u015f olabilece\u011fine i\u015faret edebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Userkaf d\u00f6neminde bile, bir\u00e7ok y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbeli yetkili, \u00f6rne\u011fin vezir Seshathotep <\/a>veya Heti (mezar 5150) gibi, mezarlar\u0131n\u0131 hala Giza’da in\u015fa etmeye devam ettiler. Bu, idari yap\u0131n\u0131n ve elitlerin mezar yeri tercihlerinin zamanla de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sahure <\/a>(M\u00f6 2506-2492). Userkaf<\/a>‘\u0131n yerine \u00fcvey karde\u015fi Sahure ge\u00e7ti. Torino Papir\u00fcs\u00fc<\/a>nde, kral\u0131n saltanat\u0131n\u0131n on iki y\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kaydeder. Palermo Ta\u015f\u0131<\/a>‘nda ise, Sahure’nin saltanat\u0131n\u0131n on d\u00f6rt y\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Ta\u015f sonuncu, “say\u0131m\u0131n yedinci olay\u0131ndan bir y\u0131l sonra” olarak veriliyor, bu da d\u00f6rt y\u0131ll\u0131k bir s\u00fcreye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k geliyor.\u201d On \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u0131l. Kral bu nedenle on \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l boyunca h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olacakt\u0131. Sahure\u2019nin piramidinin ad\u0131 \u201cSahure\u2019nin Ba\u2019s\u0131 G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr\u201d; hen\u00fcz bulunamam\u0131\u015f g\u00fcne\u015f tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131 \u201cSahure\u2019nin Ba\u2019s\u0131 G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr\u201d idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Be\u015finci Hanedanl\u0131k, Eski Krall\u0131k’\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir d\u00f6nemi olup, krallar\u0131n dini odak noktalar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi, g\u00fcne\u015f k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fcn merkezi bir rol oynamaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve y\u00fcksek memurlar\u0131n biyografilerinin daha belirgin hale geldi\u011fi bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Be\u015finci Hanedanl\u0131k’\u0131n ikinci firavunu olan Sahure <\/a>(“Re<\/a>‘nin Tarlas\u0131”), kendisinden \u00f6nceki Userkaf<\/a>‘a k\u0131yasla daha iyi korunmu\u015f bir piramit kompleksine sahipti. Abu Sir<\/a>‘deki cenaze tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131, \u00fczerinde g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan \u00f6nemli kabartmalar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu bilinen ilk piramit kompleksidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sahure<\/a>‘nin mezar tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131ndaki tarihi tasvirler, deniz yoluyla L\u00fcbnan k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na (Biblos<\/a>‘a) yap\u0131lan bir seferi ve g\u00f6\u00e7ebe Libya kabileleri (Tjemehu) \u00fczerindeki zaferleri betimler. Ancak, bu tasvirlerin tarihsel ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r; zira bu t\u00fcr sahnelerin hepsi ger\u00e7ek olaylara dayanmaktan ziyade, monar\u015finin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ve kral\u0131n ilahi otoritesini y\u00fcceltmeye hizmet eden temsiller oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Palermo Ta\u015f\u0131’ndaki Eski Krall\u0131k y\u0131ll\u0131k kay\u0131tlar\u0131, Sahure d\u00f6neminde A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r’daki \u00e7e\u015fitli tap\u0131naklara yap\u0131lan adaklar\u0131 ve toprak ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 belgelemektedir. Bu ba\u011f\u0131\u015flar\u0131n, belirli in\u015faat projeleriyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kt\u0131r. Yukar\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r’daki b\u00f6yle bir proje, kral\u0131 ve Koptos’un yerel tanr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bir arada betimleyen bir heykel grubunun kayna\u011f\u0131 olabilir. Bu heykeller, kral ve b\u00f6lge tanr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n birlikte tasvir edildi\u011fi bilinen ilk \u00f6rneklerdendir. Ancak bu heykel grubunun Sahure<\/a>‘nin \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir eseri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, daha ziyade D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Hanedanl\u0131k’tan Khafre<\/a>‘nin bir eseri oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sahure’nin son saltanat y\u0131llar\u0131nda, y\u0131ll\u0131klar Sina’ya ve Punt’a yap\u0131lan seferlerden s\u00f6z eder. Sina’daki Mu\u011fara Vadisi’ndeki yaz\u0131tlar bu seferleri dolayl\u0131 olarak do\u011frular. Do\u011fu \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc’nde bulunan bir grafiti ise Punt seferi<\/a> i\u00e7in benzer kan\u0131tlar sunmaktad\u0131r. Sahure’nin Nubia (Buhen’deki m\u00fch\u00fcrlerde ad\u0131 ge\u00e7mektedir) ve muhtemelen yaz\u0131tl\u0131 nesnelerin bulundu\u011fu Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu ile de geni\u015f ticari ili\u015fkileri vard\u0131. Sahure’nin ad\u0131, Suriye’deki Dorak antik kentinde de bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sahure’nin veziri Werbauba’yd\u0131 ve onun da ad\u0131 kral\u0131n cenaze tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131ndaki tasvirlerde ge\u00e7er. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, Sakkara<\/a>‘daki mezar\u0131 sahte bir kap\u0131yla donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan d\u00f6nemin \u00fcnl\u00fc hekimi Niankhsekhmet <\/a>de Sahure d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kral\u0131n kendi ad\u0131n\u0131 Niankhsekhmet’in sahte kap\u0131s\u0131na yazd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 da kaydedilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sahure’nin ard\u0131ndan tahta ge\u00e7en karde\u015fi Neferirkare Kakai<\/a> ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Saltanat\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcresi Torion Papir\u00fcs<\/a>\u00fc ‘nde on y\u0131ldan biraz fazla, Manetho<\/a>‘da ise yirmi y\u0131l olarak belirtilir; ancak en ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i tahmin on \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ld\u0131r. Daha sonraki Kral Shepseskare<\/a>‘nin muhtemelen Neferirkare ve onun ilk e\u015finin soyundan geldi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Neferirkare’nin ikinci e\u015fi, Abu Sir<\/a>‘de mezar tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 bulunan Khentkawes II<\/a> idi ve gelecekteki Kral Raneferef<\/a>‘in (veya Neferefre<\/a>) annesiydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neferirkare’nin kraliyet piramidi, “Neferirkare Bi\u00e7im Al\u0131yor” ad\u0131yla Abusir’de yer al\u0131r. “Re’nin Kalbi” olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan g\u00fcne\u015f tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yeri ise arkeolojik olarak hen\u00fcz belirlenememi\u015ftir; muhtemelen piramidinin yak\u0131n\u0131ndayd\u0131. Bu piramit, D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Hanedanl\u0131k’tan Menkaure’nin piramidiyle yakla\u015f\u0131k ayn\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcktedir. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen cenaze tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 kerpi\u00e7 tu\u011fladan in\u015fa edilecekti. Ancak vadi tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman tamamlanmam\u0131\u015f ve daha sonra Nyuserre taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilip geni\u015fletilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abusir Papir\u00fcsleri<\/a>, Neferirkare’nin cenaze tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fclt gelenekleri hakk\u0131nda hayati bilgiler vermektedir. Bu papir\u00fcslerin \u00e7o\u011fu Be\u015finci Hanedanl\u0131k’\u0131n son d\u00f6nemlerine (Djedkare’nin 15-41. y\u0131llar\u0131; Unas’\u0131n 6-15. y\u0131llar\u0131) aittir, ancak Alt\u0131nc\u0131 Hanedanl\u0131k’a (Teti, Pepy II) kadar devam eder. Bu papir\u00fcsler, cenaze tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131n idaresine dair ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar sunar ve Be\u015finci Hanedanl\u0131k’taki g\u00fcne\u015f tap\u0131naklar\u0131n\u0131n ekonomik \u00f6nemi hakk\u0131nda de\u011ferli bilgiler sa\u011flar. Abydos’taki bir tap\u0131nak i\u00e7in verilen muafiyet karar\u0131, Neferirkare d\u00f6neminde bu kentin artan \u00f6neminin bir g\u00f6stergesidir. Khentyamentiu’nun k\u00fclt merkezi de ba\u011f\u0131\u015flarla desteklenmi\u015f olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Neferirkare’nin Nubia ile olan ticari ili\u015fkileri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kom\u015fu \u00fclkelerle olan ili\u015fkileri hakk\u0131nda fazla bilgi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Onun d\u00f6neminde, yetkililer mezarlar\u0131na gelenekselle\u015fecek olan ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 biyografiler yazmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bu biyografiler, bu ki\u015filerin ya\u015famlar\u0131ndan daha \u00f6nce g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f detaylar anlat\u0131yordu. En ilgin\u00e7 biyografiler aras\u0131nda vezir Ptahshepses ve saray g\u00f6revlisi Rawer’in kay\u0131tlar\u0131 yer al\u0131r. Sahure ve Neferirkare’ye vezirlik yapan Ptahshepses (ya da Isi olarak da bilinir), Neferirkare’nin d\u00f6neminde hastalanm\u0131\u015f ve aniden \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Saray g\u00f6revlisi Rawer’in biyografisi ise, bir t\u00f6ren s\u0131ras\u0131nda kral\u0131n asas\u0131n\u0131n kazara kendisine \u00e7arpt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kral\u0131n hemen m\u00fcdahale ederek hayat\u0131n\u0131 kurtard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shepseskare, muhtemelen Neferirkare’nin o\u011fluydu. Mezar\u0131, piramidi ve g\u00fcne\u015f tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Neferirkare’nin halefi olarak konumu, Sakkara Kral Listesi’nde ve Manetho’da belgelenmi\u015ftir. Ancak, bir bokb\u00f6ce\u011fi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bu krala ait \u00e7ok az an\u0131t g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Torino Kral Listesi ve Manetho’da yedi y\u0131ll\u0131k bir saltanat s\u00fcresi verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ki\u015fisel ad\u0131 \u0130si olan Raneferef (veya Neferefre), Neferirkare’nin o\u011fluydu ve muhtemelen Khentkawes II’nin soyundand\u0131. Manetho’da yirmi y\u0131ll\u0131k bir saltanat s\u00fcresi ona atfedilse de, ger\u00e7ek saltanat s\u00fcresi muhtemelen iki y\u0131ldan fazla olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Cenaze an\u0131t\u0131 bir piramit de\u011fil, “Raneferef’in Ba’s\u0131 Tanr\u0131sald\u0131r” adl\u0131 bir mastaba bi\u00e7imini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. A\u011f\u0131r hasar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f cenaze tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131nda birka\u00e7 kraliyet heykeli ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da tutsak heykeli (Nubyal\u0131lar ve Yak\u0131n Do\u011fulular) ile birlikte tap\u0131nak ar\u015fivlerinden papir\u00fcs kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 bulunmu\u015ftur. Bu papir\u00fcsler, Neferirkare’nin cenaze tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131ndakilerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir nitelikte olup, Krali\u00e7e II. Khentkawes’in cenaze tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan papir\u00fcslerde de benzer paralellikler g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Kral\u0131n “Re Memnun” ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan g\u00fcne\u015f tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 hen\u00fcz in\u015fa edilmemi\u015fti. Muhtemelen cenaze tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yak\u0131n\u0131nda planlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nyuserre Ini, muhtemelen Raneferef’in o\u011fluydu. Turin Kral Listesi’nde saltanat\u0131n\u0131n uzunlu\u011fu eksiktir. Ancak, bir Sed-Festivalini kutlamas\u0131na bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, en az otuz y\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Manetho’nun tarihinde ise k\u0131rk d\u00f6rt y\u0131l olarak ge\u00e7mektedir. Nyuserre, \u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131z\u0131 piramidinin yak\u0131n\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fclen Reputnub ile evliydi. Bu k\u0131zlardan biri olan Khamerernebty, vezir Ptahshepses ile evliydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kral\u0131n piramidinin ad\u0131 “Ne’nin Yerleri” dir. Cenaze tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dekorasyonu sadece k\u0131smen korunmu\u015ftur. Kal\u0131nt\u0131lar, Abu Simbel’in yak\u0131n\u0131nda bulunan “Re’nin Kalbi’nin Sevinci” adl\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015f tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131nda daha iyidir. Abusir’in kuzeyindeki Ghurob; bu, t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn en b\u00fcy\u00fck ve en iyi korunmu\u015f tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Duvar kabartmalar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131z b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde, kral\u0131n sed-festivalinin resimlerini ve g\u00fcne\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fadaki etkilerinin g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerini buluyoruz. S\u00f6zde D\u00fcnya Odas\u0131\u2019ndaki resimler mevsimsel olaylar\u0131 (sel; yaz) g\u00f6sterir. Bu ba\u011flamda, b\u00fcy\u00fck resimlerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen temalar\u0131 da g\u00f6sterirler. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6neme ait \u00f6zel mezarlarda da benzer d\u00f6ng\u00fcler (\u00f6rne\u011fin bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve av sahneleri; av sahneleri) g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Newoserre\u2019in d\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkileri hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok az \u015fey bilinmektedir. Ad\u0131 Sina\u2019daki Mu\u011fara Vadisi\u2019nde yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r, bu da maden b\u00f6lgesine bir sefer yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Yeni- serre\u2019nin alt\u0131nda da memurlar ve idareciler taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan in\u015faat faaliyetlerinin geni\u015f kan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 buluyoruz. Abusir\u2019deki vezir Ptahshepses\u2019in mastabas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r; mimarisi ve dekoratif ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 kraliyet unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 (\u00f6rne\u011fin, g\u00fcne\u015f kay\u0131klar\u0131 ve an\u0131tsal fig\u00fcrler) i\u00e7erir, muhtemelen kral\u0131n otoritesini ve g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc yans\u0131tmak i\u00e7in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Ptahsepses<\/strong> kral\u0131n damad\u0131yd\u0131. Kral\u0131n uzun saltanat\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda vezirleri, mezarlar\u0131 Sakkara\u2019da korunan Kay ve Pehenuka ile belki de Minufer\u2019di. Yenioserre\u2019nin y\u00f6netimindeki g\u00f6revliler, \u00e7o\u011funlukla Sakkara\u2019da olmak \u00fczere, \u00f6zenli mezar kompleksleri yapt\u0131rd\u0131lar. Bu d\u00f6nemin en iyi korunmu\u015f mezarlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, Yenioserre\u2019nin alt\u0131nda manik\u00fcrc\u00fc olarak hizmet etmi\u015f olan Niankhkhnum ve Khnumhotep adl\u0131 ikizlerin mezar\u0131 ve \u201cBirinci Kraliyet Kuaf\u00f6r\u00fc\u201d Ti\u2019nin mezar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Menkauhor (y.M\u00d6 2444-2436). Menkauhor\u2019un ki\u015fisel ad\u0131 Hor-ikau ya da Ikau\u2019dur. Saltanat\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcresi Turin Kanonu\u2019nda sekiz y\u0131l olarak verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manetho\u2019da dokuz; sekiz daha olas\u0131. Piramidinin ad\u0131 \u201cMenkauhor\u2019un Yerleri Tanr\u0131sald\u0131r\u201d; hen\u00fcz ke\u015ffedilmemi\u015f g\u00fcne\u015f tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131 \u201cHorus\u2019un Tarlas\u0131\u201dyd\u0131. Bu kral hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok az \u015fey biliniyor. Menkauhor\u2019un bir sed-festivali heykeli (Kahire CG 40) muhtemelen ger\u00e7ek bir tarihi olayla ilgili de\u011fildir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Menkauhor\u2019un bir sed-festivali kutlamas\u0131 pek olas\u0131 de\u011fildir. Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu\u2019da, Dorak\u2019ta Menkauhor\u2019un bir an\u0131t\u0131 bulundu, bu da geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 ticaret ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bir g\u00f6stergesi. Djedkare \u0130zezi (y.2436-2304). Turin Kanonu, ki\u015fisel ad\u0131 \u0130zezi olan Djedkare i\u00e7in bir saltanat d\u00f6nemi kaydeder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

yirmi sekiz y\u0131l; Manetho ise k\u0131rk d\u00f6rt y\u0131l oldu\u011funu belirtir. Neterirkare\u2019nin cenaze tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan Abusir papir\u00fcsleri, vergi tahmininin yirmi birinci y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 kaydeder. Djedkare d\u00f6neminde her iki y\u0131lda bir vergi de\u011ferlendirmesinin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair kan\u0131tlar buldu\u011fumuzu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurursak, onun saltanat\u0131n\u0131 en az k\u0131rk bir ila k\u0131rk iki y\u0131l olarak tahmin etmemiz gerekir. Bu kadar uzun bir saltanat, Djedkare\u2019nin Louvre\u2019daki bir kab\u0131n \u00fczerindeki yaz\u0131tta an\u0131lan bir sed-festivali kutlam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131yla da do\u011frulan\u0131r. (E. 5323).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Djedkare\u2019nin krali\u00e7eleri hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok az bilgi var: IV. Mere-sankh muhtemelen onlardan biriydi; ve bir di\u011feri, hen\u00fcz ad\u0131 bilinmeyen krali\u00e7e, Djedkare\u2019nin piramidinin kuzeydo\u011fusuna g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, muhtemelen daha sonraki kral Unas\u2019\u0131n annesiydi. Kral\u0131n “Djedkare M\u00fckemmeldir” ad\u0131 verilen piramidi ve cenaze tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 Sakkara’dad\u0131r. Onun h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminde g\u00fcne\u015f tap\u0131naklar\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131 sona ermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Djedkare\u2019nin \u00e7e\u015fitli seferleri ve ke\u015fif gezileri Nubia ve Punt\u2019a ula\u015ft\u0131, oradan M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a dans eden bir c\u00fcce getirildi. Uzun saltanat\u0131 boyunca y\u00f6netim geni\u015fledi. Eyalet yetkilileri daha fazla g\u00fc\u00e7 kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmetten \u00f6zerklik, bir<\/p>\n\n\n\n

merkezi y\u00f6netimin zay\u0131flamas\u0131. Telafi etmek i\u00e7in<\/p>\n\n\n\n

denge, “Yukar\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n G\u00f6zetmeni” ofisi, cevap-do\u011frudan merkezi y\u00f6netime teslim edildi, olu\u015fturuldu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abydos’taki koltu\u011fuyla. Makamlar\u0131 aile \u00fcyelerine devretme e\u011filimi, \u00f6zellikle vezirlerin durumunda belirgin bir \u015fekilde artt\u0131. Ptahhotep ailesinin vezirlerinin Saqqara\u2019da mezarlar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bu vezirlerden birinin daha sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde memurlar i\u00e7in talimatlar yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 san\u0131l\u0131r. Djedkare’nin di\u011fer vezirleri de mezarlar\u0131n\u0131 Gize’de yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.Seshemnefer III (mezar 5170) ve Senedjemib Inti (mezar 2370) dahil. Bu da babadan o\u011fula ge\u00e7en bir ba\u015fka b\u00fcro \u00f6rne\u011fidir, burada Senedjemib Mehi (mezar 2378). Vezirler Sened-jemib Inti ve Rashespes’in krallar\u0131yla yak\u0131n ili\u015fkileri, mastabalar\u0131na yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan kraliyet mektuplar\u0131nda g\u00f6sterilir.Yetkililer, giderek daha fazla say\u0131da, ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 resim d\u00f6ng\u00fcleriyle s\u00fcslenmi\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck mastabalar yapt\u0131rabiliyorlard\u0131. Zanaatk\u00e2rlar bile b\u00fcy\u00fck cenaze kompleksleri yapt\u0131r\u0131yorlard\u0131: Djedkare d\u00f6neminden bir kuyumcu, bir mastaba i\u00e7inde, bir kral\u0131n cenaze t\u00f6renini betimleyen bir dizi resimle birlikte g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Saqqara’dan Semenkhuiptah Itwesh’in biyografisi, zanaatk\u00e2rlar\u0131n ve sanatk\u00e2rlar\u0131n yeni zenginli\u011finin kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7ok say\u0131da komisyon, kraliyet at\u00f6lyeleri i\u00e7in daha y\u00fcksek bir profil ve zanaatk\u00e2rlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir m\u00fckemmellik sa\u011flad\u0131. Unas (y.M\u00d6 2404-2374). Djedkare\u2019nin halefi olarak o\u011flu Unas tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Onunla birlikte be\u015finci hanedan sona erdi. Saltanat\u0131 Turin Kanonunda otuz y\u0131l, Manetho\u2019da otuz \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l olarak verilir; otuz y\u0131l olmas\u0131 muhtemeldir. Krali\u00e7eleri Chenut ve Nebet\u2019tir. Unas\u2019\u0131n piramidi Sakkara\u2019da, bir yerde bulunur.daha eski kral mezarlar\u0131 in\u015fa edilmi\u015fti; bunlar Unas taraf\u0131ndan yerle bir edilmi\u015fti. Ad\u0131 “Unas’\u0131n Yerleri M\u00fckemmeldir”dir. Eski Krall\u0131k’\u0131n yer alt\u0131 mezar odalar\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131 olan ilk piramididir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Piramit Metinleri, kral\u0131n \u00f6b\u00fcr d\u00fcnyada da ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesini sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yaz\u0131tlar. Piramidin i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda bulunmalar\u0131, kral\u0131n, cenaze k\u00fclt\u00fcn\u00fcn sona ermesi durumunda bile, \u00f6te d\u00fcnyadaki cennete giden yolunu korumak i\u00e7indir. Piramit tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde tahrip olmu\u015f. Yine de, farkl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlere ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rebiliyoruz.Farkl\u0131 dini sahnelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, bayram sahneleri de tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n dekoratif program\u0131na dahil edilmi\u015fti.\u00d6rne\u011fin Sahure\u2019nin k\u0131tl\u0131k kabartmalar\u0131, cenaze tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 alanlara tarihsel bir temel olmaks\u0131z\u0131n dahil edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unas\u2019tan geriye \u00e7ok az somut tarihsel belge kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yine de onun h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda y\u00f6netimin bir kez daha b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131lar elde etti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Piramit ve cenaze tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yap\u0131 malzemesi toplamak \u00fczere Elefantin\u2019e yap\u0131lan seferler, bu seferlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda bulunanlar\u0131n adlar\u0131 ve seferlerin tarihleri ile birlikte g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.piramide giden ge\u00e7it ve Elephantine\u2019deki yaz\u0131tlarla do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Unas\u2019\u0131n alt\u0131nda birka\u00e7 vezir g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131 ve onlar i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck cenaze kompleksleri in\u015fa edildi. Mezarlar\u0131 vezirler Akhtihotep ve Ptahhotep II Sakara’da ve bu vezir ve mimari g\u00f6zetmen Senedjemib Mehi’nin Giza’da (mezar 2378), d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00f6nde gelen mezarlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda say\u0131labilir. bu d\u00f6nem. Di\u011ferleri Unas ge\u00e7idi boyunca yarat\u0131ld\u0131. Prens Unasankh ve vezirlerin mezarlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda. Hemi. Hemi ad\u0131nda bir vezir.Nefersehemseshat, piramit tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131na giden ge\u00e7itte tasvir edilmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nemde g\u00fcne\u015f an\u0131tlar\u0131 ve tap\u0131naklar\u0131 art\u0131k in\u015fa edilmese de, her \u015feyi kapsayan g\u00fcne\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131 t\u00fcm tanr\u0131lar\u0131n en y\u00fckse\u011fi olarak kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6l\u00fclerin h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 ve yeralt\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n yarg\u0131c\u0131 olarak Osiris art\u0131k daha y\u00fcksek bir profil edindi. Erken d\u00f6nem h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n mezar yeri olan Abydos, Osiris\u2019in ana k\u00fclt yeri oldu. Osiris k\u00fclt\u00fc, \u00f6l\u00fcmden sonraki ya\u015fam inan\u00e7lar\u0131nda devrimci bir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe yol a\u00e7t\u0131; kral yerine tanr\u0131, \u00f6l\u00fcmden sonra ya\u015fam\u0131n devam\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan ki\u015fi oldu. \u00d6l\u00fcmden sonraki ya\u015famda var olmak, art\u0131k ki\u015finin kendi eylemlerine ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. Art\u0131k bireyin \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc kralla ili\u015fkisi ya da bireyin toplumsal stat\u00fcs\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir; bunun yerine, bireyin do\u011frudan do\u011fruya Osiris\u2019le olan etik konumuna ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130dealle\u015ftirilmi\u015f biyografi, daha \u00f6nceki zamanlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekli\u011fe dayal\u0131 biyografisinden devralm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alt\u0131nc\u0131 Hanedan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Unas\u2019\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k d\u00f6neminde  hanedan\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesini gerektirecek kadar \u00f6nemli bir olay kay\u0131tlarda olmamas\u0131 . Bu nedenle, yeni bir hanedan\u0131n kurulmas\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131, kurucusu Teti\u2019nin (M\u00d6 2374\u20132354) Unas\u2019\u0131n o\u011flu de\u011fil de damad\u0131 olmas\u0131 olabilir. Teti\u2019nin Horus ad\u0131, \u201c\u0130ki \u00dclkeyi bar\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran ki\u015fi\u201d, dolayl\u0131 olarak, \u00fclkedeki durumun tamamen istikrara kavu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ima eder. Teti, piramit kompleksini Kuzey Sakkara\u2019da in\u015fa etti. \u0130ki kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n, I. Iput ve Khuit\u2019in mezarlar\u0131 yak\u0131ndad\u0131r. Daha sonraki bir efsaneye g\u00f6re, Teti \u015fiddet sonucu \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr veya bir suikaste kurban olmu\u015ftur. Bu d\u00f6nemde, sadece k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren bir sonraki firavun olan Weserkare\u2019nin oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rol hen\u00fcz tam olarak a\u00e7\u0131klanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sonunda Teti\u2019nin o\u011flu Pepy I (M\u00d6 2354\u20132310) iktidara geldi, belki de krali\u00e7e annenin yard\u0131m\u0131yla. Pepy I, kraliyet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc yeniden kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u201d ar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

il\u00e7e soylular\u0131yla ki\u015fisel ili\u015fkiler kurarak kraliyet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn daha da zay\u0131flamas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nledi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00fcrekli olarak iki k\u0131z\u0131yla evlilikler yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(Ankhesenmerire I ve II) ile Abidoslu Khuy\u2019un k\u0131z\u0131. Taht\u0131n devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in en b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flu Merenre Antyemsaf\u2019\u0131 ortak kral olarak atam\u0131\u015f olabilir (h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k d\u00f6nemi 2310\u20132300). kendi ya\u015fam\u0131 i\u00e7inde (bu, kesin olarak kan\u0131tlanmam\u0131\u015fsa da, \u00e7ekirdekselli\u011fin en erken, kaydedilmi\u015f \u00f6rne\u011fidir).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u0131s\u0131r tarihinde Firavunun e\u015fleri tarf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan komplolar\u0131n siyasi ikdidars\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00fclkeyi zay\u0131flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131na s\u00f6yliyebiliriz.Pepy I\u2019in piramit kompleksine Menneferpepy ad\u0131 verilmi\u015fti anlam\u0131 ise Pepy \u2018in g\u00fczelli\u011fi ve ba\u015fkente, ilk ad\u0131 olan Inebuhedj\u2019e (\u201cBeyaz Duvarlar) yeni bir ad verdi. Kentin Yunanca ad\u0131 Memfis, k\u0131salt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imi olan Mennefer\u2019den t\u00fcremi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pepys\u2019in o\u011flu Merenre Antyemsaf \u00e7ok gen\u00e7 ya\u015fta \u00f6ld\u00fc ve \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra ger\u00e7ek g\u00fc\u00e7, Pepys\u2019in annesi Ankhesen-merire II\u2019nin eline ge\u00e7ti. Pepys\u2019in I. Pepys\u2019in ba\u015fka bir o\u011flu olan II. Pepy nihayetinde \u00e7ok uzun bir s\u00fcre (M\u00d6 2300\u20132206 civar\u0131) h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc, bu s\u00fcre di\u011fer t\u00fcm M\u0131s\u0131r firavunlar\u0131ndan daha uzundu. Bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re doksan d\u00f6rt y\u0131l, bir ba\u015fka g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re ise yaln\u0131zca altm\u0131\u015f d\u00f6rt y\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Ne Elefantin valilerinin Nubia\u2019ya yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 seferler, ne de bir dizi ba\u015fka yabanc\u0131 siyasi giri\u015fim ve II. Pepi\u2019nin att\u0131\u011f\u0131 idari ad\u0131mlar, devletteki merkezi g\u00fcc\u00fcn h\u0131zlanan \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc durdurmay\u0131 ba\u015farabildi. Uzun saltanat ve firavunun ilerleyen ya\u015f\u0131 bile d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015f olabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcney Sakkara\u2019daki Pepi II\u2019nin piramit kompleksi, e\u015flerine ait \u00fc\u00e7 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck piramidini de i\u00e7erir. Neith, Iput II ve Wedjebten.Eski Krall\u0131k\u2019\u0131n son b\u00fcy\u00fck kraliyet mezar\u0131d\u0131r. Pepy II\u2019nin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, Eski Krall\u0131k\u2019\u0131n son kral\u0131 olan Merenre Nemtyemsaf, 10 y\u0131l h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 Nitokerty (veya Nitocris), tahta \u00e7\u0131kan (M\u00d6 2205\u20132200), belli ki erkek aday olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in herkes taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilmedi\u011fi iddas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr. Merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmetin \u00e7\u00f6kmesiyle devletin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131, uzun s\u00fcren bir krize neden oldu . Bunun nedenlerinden biri, b\u00fcy\u00fck maddi kaynaklar\u0131n ve insan g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn uzun s\u00fcre s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesiydi. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta g\u00fc\u00e7 ve kaynaklar\u0131n firavun \u00e7evresinde tek bir merkezde toplanmas\u0131ndan olu\u015fan sistem \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ve merkezin g\u00fcc\u00fc art\u0131k bitme noktas\u0131na gelmi\u015ftir. Siyasi ve yasal olarak halk\u0131n eme\u011fi de dahil olmak \u00fczere t\u00fcm kaynaklar\u0131n sahibi olan firavun, m\u00fclk\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00fcrekli olarak daha fazla harcamak zorunda kal\u0131yordu. Sadece \u00fclke ekonomisinin ve idaresinin geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda b\u00fcy\u00fck piramitlerin ve ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta \u00f6zel mezarlar\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131 i\u00e7in harcanan b\u00fct\u00e7e ekonomiyi bitirme noktas\u0131na getirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tap\u0131naklara ayr\u0131cal\u0131k ve vergiden muafda bu s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131y\u0131 dahildir. G\u00fc\u00e7 merkezinin zay\u0131flamas\u0131, bir yandan da, bir dizi yeni g\u00fc\u00e7 oda\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Ta\u015fra y\u00f6netiminde birtak\u0131m geli\u015fme ya\u015fand\u0131. Burada ekonomik ve hatta askeri g\u00fc\u00e7, b\u00f6lgesel valilerin, elinde toplan\u0131yordu. G\u00fc\u00e7lerini peki\u015ftirirken yararlanabildikleri ko\u015fullar aras\u0131nda, bu d\u00f6nemde M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n h\u00e2l\u00e2 firavun ya da veliaht prensin komutas\u0131 alt\u0131nda d\u00fczenli bir orduya sahip olmamas\u0131 da vard\u0131. Gerekti\u011finde yerel g\u00fc\u00e7ler toplan\u0131rd\u0131 ve bunlar \u00e7o\u011funlukla b\u00f6lge valileri taraf\u0131ndan atanan subaylar taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netiliyordu. Ekonomik zorluklara katk\u0131da bulunan bir ba\u015fka fakt\u00f6r de, Eski Krall\u0131k\u2019\u0131n sonunda M\u0131s\u0131r devletinin ba\u011flar\u0131, M\u00d6 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc biny\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda meydana gelen iklim de\u011fi\u015fmeside etkilidir.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Pepi II Piramidi<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Di\u011fer Yaz\u0131lar <\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Eski Krall\u0131k Kral Listesi<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n


Dipnotlar<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n

  1. Biyografi \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  2. Biyografi \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li>
  3. https:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Narmer#\/media\/Dosya:NarmerPalette_ROM-gamma.jpg<\/a> \u21a9\ufe0e<\/a><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n

    <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Bu sayfadaki i\u00e7eriklerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Referanslar k\u0131sm\u0131nda belirtilen akademik kaynaklardan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Birinci Hanedan M\u00d6 3150 civar\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131rdaki \u0130lk hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurulmu\u015ftu Yukar\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r Kral\u0131 olan Narmer daha sonra Menes yani “kurucu” olarak an\u0131lacak siyasi ve askeri g\u00fcc\u00fc ile  \u0130ki ayr\u0131 b\u00f6lgeyi birle\u015ftirmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. B\u00f6ylece Narmer, Eski M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n ilk firavunu oldu ve Birinci Hanedanl\u0131k’\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131. \u0130ki \u0130ngiliz … <\/p>\n

    Continue reading “Eski Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi”<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":"[{\"id\":\"f8544bc7-2683-4109-a789-951e3ec7fbf0\",\"content\":\"Biyografi\"},{\"id\":\"f6bc9392-e049-48fe-afef-efe5697155d8\",\"content\":\"Biyografi\"},{\"id\":\"353e3750-88b6-4afe-a978-233ec1c13f38\",\"content\":\"https:\\\/\\\/tr.wikipedia.org\\\/wiki\\\/Narmer#\\\/media\\\/Dosya:NarmerPalette_ROM-gamma.jpg<\\\/a> \"}]"},"class_list":["post-85","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":"","post_slider_layout_landscape_large":"","post_slider_layout_portrait_large":"","post_slider_layout_square_large":"","post_slider_layout_landscape":"","post_slider_layout_portrait":"","post_slider_layout_square":"","full":""},"yoast_head":"\nEski Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi - M\u0131s\u0131rbilim Ansiklopedisi - Egyptology Encyclopedia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/eski-krallik-donemi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Eski Krall\u0131k D\u00f6nemi - M\u0131s\u0131rbilim Ansiklopedisi - Egyptology Encyclopedia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Bu sayfadaki i\u00e7eriklerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Referanslar k\u0131sm\u0131nda belirtilen akademik kaynaklardan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 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