{"id":5128,"date":"2025-10-30T22:00:14","date_gmt":"2025-10-30T22:00:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/?page_id=5128"},"modified":"2025-11-27T07:59:51","modified_gmt":"2025-11-27T07:59:51","slug":"kayip-firavunlarin-bulunusu-deir-el-bahri-kraliyet-zulasi-db320","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/kayip-firavunlarin-bulunusu-deir-el-bahri-kraliyet-zulasi-db320\/","title":{"rendered":"Kay\u0131p Firavunlar\u0131n Bulunu\u015fu; Deir el-Bahri Kraliyet Zulas\u0131 (DB320)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Yeni Krall\u0131k firavunlar\u0131n\u0131n kronolojisi ve saltanatlar\u0131, an\u0131tsal yap\u0131lar ve metinler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bilinmekle birlikte, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l M\u0131s\u0131rbilim’i i\u00e7in temel bir problem mevcuttu: Bu firavunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun mumyalar\u0131 ve orijinal mezar i\u00e7erikleri kay\u0131pt\u0131. Krallar Vadisi’ndeki (KV) nekropol alan\u0131n\u0131n, antik d\u00f6nemlerden itibaren sistematik olarak ya\u011fmaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmekteydi. Bu durum, M\u0131s\u0131r tarihinin en kudretli h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n (I. Seti, II. Ramses) ak\u0131betleri ve fiziksel \u00f6zellikleri hakk\u0131nda do\u011frudan kan\u0131tlardan yoksun bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma alan\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1881 y\u0131l\u0131nda Deir el-Bahri’de (DB320) ke\u015ffedilen Kraliyet Zulas\u0131, bu metodolojik bo\u015flu\u011fu doldurmu\u015f ve Yeni Krall\u0131k sonras\u0131 nekropol y\u00f6netimi pratiklerine dair paha bi\u00e7ilmez veriler sunarak M\u0131s\u0131rbilim disiplinini temelden de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DB320 zulas\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Yeni Krall\u0131k’\u0131n son evreleri ve \u00f6zellikle \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Ara D\u00f6nem boyunca Teb’deki siyasi ve ekonomik istikrars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n do\u011frudan bir sonucudur. Merkezi otoritenin zay\u0131flamas\u0131, Libya k\u00f6kenli kabilelerin artan etkisi ve ekonomik krizler, Krallar Vadisi de dahil olmak \u00fczere Teb nekropollerinde organize mezar soygunculu\u011funda bir art\u0131\u015fa neden olmu\u015ftur. “Mezar Soygunu Papir\u00fcsleri” (\u00f6rne\u011fin, Papyrus Abbott, Papyrus Mayer A\/B) olarak bilinen adli belgeler, bu soygunlar\u0131n kapsam\u0131n\u0131, faillerin yarg\u0131lanma s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini ve hatta baz\u0131 yerel g\u00f6revlilerin bu su\u00e7lara i\u015ftirak etti\u011fini ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Teb nekropol\u00fcnde kraliyet mezarlar\u0131n\u0131n resmi bir incelemesinin kayd\u0131 olan Abbott Papir\u00fcs\u00fc (Hiyeratik; k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 m\u00fcrekkebin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra siyah m\u00fcrekkebe de dikkat edin). Firavun IX. Ramses’in 16. saltanat y\u0131l\u0131na, yakla\u015f\u0131k M\u00d6 1110’a aittir. EA 10221.<\/mark><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Liverpool\u00a0D\u00fcnya M\u00fczesi’ndeki\u00a0Papyrus Mayer B
<\/mark><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Bu yayg\u0131n kutsal alan ihlalleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, 21. Hanedanl\u0131k d\u00f6neminde Teb’deki Amun rahipleri, firavunlar\u0131n ebedi istirahat\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almak amac\u0131yla proaktif bir koruma ve yeniden defin program\u0131 ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu program\u0131n izleri, mumyalar \u00fczerinde bulunan ve hieratik dilde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f “docket” (etiket) ad\u0131 verilen kay\u0131tlarda<\/strong> a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Rahipler, risk alt\u0131ndaki kraliyet mezarlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f, mevcut mumyalar\u0131n kimliklerini tespit etmi\u015f, hasar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f sarg\u0131lar\u0131 yenilemi\u015f ve bu mumyalar\u0131 ge\u00e7ici depolama alanlar\u0131na (II. Amenhotep’in mezar\u0131, KV35) ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nihai \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm, bu kraliyet mumyalar\u0131n\u0131n toplu olarak, daha \u00f6nce 18. Hanedanl\u0131k soylular\u0131ndan (muhtemelen Krali\u00e7e Inhapi) birine ait olan, Deir el-Bahri kayal\u0131klar\u0131ndaki gizli ve ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 zor DB320 mezar kuyusuna defnedilmesi olmu\u015ftur. Bu toplu defin i\u015flemi, 21. Hanedanl\u0131k Ba\u015frahibi II. Pinedjem’in saltanat\u0131n\u0131n 10. y\u0131l\u0131 civar\u0131nda tamamlanm\u0131\u015f ve mezar\u0131n giri\u015fi, ke\u015ffedilememesi amac\u0131yla m\u00fch\u00fcrlenerek gizlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DB320’nin modern ke\u015ffi, akademik bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmadan ziyade, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki antika ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 faaliyetlerinin bir sonucu olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. 1871 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren Luksor antika pazar\u0131nda, 21. Hanedanl\u0131k rahiplerine (I. Pinedjem ailesi) ait y\u00fcksek kaliteli cenaze objelerinin ve papir\u00fcslerin (\u00f6zellikle “\u00d6l\u00fcler Kitab\u0131” kopyalar\u0131) g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi, M\u0131s\u0131r Eski Eserler Servisi Direkt\u00f6r\u00fc Gaston Maspero<\/strong>‘nun dikkatini \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Maspero, bu eserlerin kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bilinmeyen bir kraliyet mezar\u0131 veya zulas\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi sonucuna varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Gaston Maspero<\/mark><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Soru\u015fturmalar, kayna\u011f\u0131n Kurna’daki Abd el-Rassul ailesi<\/strong> oldu\u011funu tespit etmi\u015ftir. Ailenin, mezar\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k on y\u0131l \u00f6nce tesad\u00fcfen buldu\u011fu ve i\u00e7eri\u011fini kontroll\u00fc bir \u015fekilde satt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1881 y\u0131l\u0131nda aile i\u00e7i anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar ve yetkililerin bask\u0131s\u0131 sonucu Muhammed Abd el-Rassul’un itiraf\u0131yla mezar\u0131n yeri kesin olarak tespit edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maspero’nun asistan\u0131 \u00c9mile Brugsch<\/strong> taraf\u0131ndan 6 Temmuz 1881’de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen ilk inceleme ve akabinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen aceleci tahliye operasyonu, modern arkeolojik belgeleme standartlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan (stratigrafik kay\u0131t tutulmamas\u0131, foto\u011fraflanmamas\u0131) b\u00fcy\u00fck eksiklikler bar\u0131nd\u0131rsa da, i\u00e7eri\u011fin ya\u011fmalanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemi\u015ftir. Tahliye edilen materyaller (40’tan fazla mumya, lahitler, kanopik sand\u0131klar ve cenaze objeleri) Kahire’deki Bulak M\u00fczesi’ne nakledilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

DB320’nin M\u0131s\u0131rbilim i\u00e7in as\u0131l de\u011feri, i\u00e7erdi\u011fi alt\u0131n veya hazineden (ki bunlar b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde antik d\u00f6nemde zaten ya\u011fmalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131) ziyade, sundu\u011fu e\u015fsiz mumya koleksiyonu ve epigrafik verilerdir<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) Kraliyet Mumyalar\u0131:<\/strong> Zula, M\u0131s\u0131r tarihinin en \u00f6nemli firavunlar\u0131ndan baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n fiziksel kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yordu. Bunlar aras\u0131nda 17. Hanedanl\u0131k’tan Seqenenre Tao II<\/strong>, 18. Hanedanl\u0131k’tan I. Ahmose, I. Amenhotep, I. Thutmose, II. Thutmose, III. Thutmose<\/strong> ve 19. Hanedanl\u0131k’tan I. Seti, II. Ramses<\/strong> ile 20. Hanedanl\u0131k’tan III. Ramses<\/strong> gibi isimler yer almaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) Paleopatolojik Bulgular:<\/strong> Bu mumyalar, paleopatoloji biliminin geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in birincil kaynak te\u015fkil etmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seqenenre Tao II<\/strong>‘nin mumyas\u0131, Hiksoslarla <\/strong>girdi\u011fi sava\u015fta ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl kafa yaralar\u0131n\u0131 (balta, m\u0131zrak izleri) a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Ramses<\/strong>‘in mumyas\u0131 \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan analizler, firavunun ileri ya\u015fta (yakla\u015f\u0131k 90) \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, \u015fiddetli artrit (eklem romatizmas\u0131) ve ciddi dental apseler (di\u015f iltihaplar\u0131) gibi kronik rahats\u0131zl\u0131klara sahip oldu\u011funu ortaya koymu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu bulgular, firavunlar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131k durumlar\u0131, ya\u015fam s\u00fcreleri ve hatta \u00f6l\u00fcm nedenleri hakk\u0131nda metinlerde bulunmayan somut veriler sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c) Filolojik \u00d6nem (Docketler):<\/strong> Mumyalar\u0131n yeniden sar\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda eklenen hieratik dildeki etiketler (docketler), 21. Hanedanl\u0131k d\u00f6nemi kronolojisi, rahiplerin unvanlar\u0131 ve nekropol y\u00f6netimi hakk\u0131nda paha bi\u00e7ilmez idari bilgiler sunmu\u015ftur. Bu notlar, rahiplerin hangi firavunu hangi mezardan ne zaman ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belgeleyerek, Krallar Vadisi<\/strong>‘nin tarih\u00e7esi \u00fczerine de \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>\n\n\n\n

Dipnot-Kaynak\u00e7a <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maspero, Gaston.<\/strong> (1889). Les momies royales de Deir el-Bahari<\/em>. (Ke\u015ffin resmi ve detayl\u0131 ilk yay\u0131n\u0131).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reeves, Nicholas, & Wilkinson, Richard H.<\/strong> (1996). The Complete Valley of the Kings: Tombs and Treasures of Egypt’s Greatest Pharaohs<\/em>. Thames & Hudson.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ikram, Salima, & Dodson, Aidan.<\/strong> (1998). The Mummy in Ancient Egypt: Equipping the Dead for Eternity<\/em>. Thames & Hudson.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Romer, John.<\/strong> (1981). Valley of the Kings<\/em>. Henry Holt & Co. (\u00d6zellikle ke\u015fif s\u00fcreci ve soygunlar\u0131n arka plan\u0131 i\u00e7in).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Smith, Grafton Elliot.<\/strong> (1912). The Royal Mummies<\/em>. Catalogue G\u00e9n\u00e9ral des Antiquit\u00e9s \u00c9gyptiennes du Mus\u00e9e du Caire. (Mumyalar \u00fczerindeki ilk detayl\u0131 paleopatolojik incelemeler).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Niwi\u0144ski, Andrzej.<\/strong> (1999). “The 21st Dynasty.” In I. Shaw (Ed.), The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt<\/em>. Oxford University Press. (D\u00f6nemin tarihsel ba\u011flam\u0131 ve rahiplerin rol\u00fc).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yeni Krall\u0131k firavunlar\u0131n\u0131n kronolojisi ve saltanatlar\u0131, an\u0131tsal yap\u0131lar ve metinler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bilinmekle birlikte, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l M\u0131s\u0131rbilim’i i\u00e7in temel bir problem mevcuttu: Bu firavunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun mumyalar\u0131 ve orijinal mezar i\u00e7erikleri kay\u0131pt\u0131. Krallar Vadisi’ndeki (KV) nekropol alan\u0131n\u0131n, antik d\u00f6nemlerden itibaren sistematik olarak ya\u011fmaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmekteydi. Bu durum, M\u0131s\u0131r tarihinin en kudretli h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n (I. Seti, II. … <\/p>\n

Continue reading “Kay\u0131p Firavunlar\u0131n Bulunu\u015fu; Deir el-Bahri Kraliyet Zulas\u0131 (DB320)”<\/span><\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_regular_price":[],"currency_symbol":[],"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5128","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"post_slider_layout_featured_media_urls":{"thumbnail":"","post_slider_layout_landscape_large":"","post_slider_layout_portrait_large":"","post_slider_layout_square_large":"","post_slider_layout_landscape":"","post_slider_layout_portrait":"","post_slider_layout_square":"","full":""},"yoast_head":"\nKay\u0131p Firavunlar\u0131n Bulunu\u015fu; Deir el-Bahri Kraliyet Zulas\u0131 (DB320) - M\u0131s\u0131rbilim Ansiklopedisi - Egyptology Encyclopedia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Yeni Krall\u0131k firavunlar\u0131n\u0131n kronolojisi ve saltanatlar\u0131, an\u0131tsal yap\u0131lar ve metinler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bilinmekle birlikte, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l M\u0131s\u0131rbilim'i i\u00e7in temel bir problem mevcuttu: Bu firavunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun mumyalar\u0131 ve orijinal mezar i\u00e7erikleri kay\u0131pt\u0131. Krallar Vadisi'ndeki (KV) nekropol alan\u0131n\u0131n, antik d\u00f6nemlerden itibaren sistematik olarak ya\u011fmaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmekteydi. Bu durum, M\u0131s\u0131r tarihinin en kudretli h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n (I. Seti, II. Ramses) ak\u0131betleri ve fiziksel \u00f6zellikleri hakk\u0131nda do\u011frudan kan\u0131tlardan yoksun bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma alan\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1881 y\u0131l\u0131nda Deir el-Bahri'de (DB320) ke\u015ffedilen Kraliyet Zulas\u0131, bu metodolojik bo\u015flu\u011fu doldurmu\u015f ve Yeni Krall\u0131k sonras\u0131 nekropol y\u00f6netimi pratiklerine dair paha bi\u00e7ilmez veriler sunarak M\u0131s\u0131rbilim disiplinini temelden de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/egyptologyencyclopedia.org\/de\/kayip-firavunlarin-bulunusu-deir-el-bahri-kraliyet-zulasi-db320\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kay\u0131p Firavunlar\u0131n Bulunu\u015fu; Deir el-Bahri Kraliyet Zulas\u0131 (DB320) - M\u0131s\u0131rbilim Ansiklopedisi - Egyptology Encyclopedia\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Yeni Krall\u0131k firavunlar\u0131n\u0131n kronolojisi ve saltanatlar\u0131, an\u0131tsal yap\u0131lar ve metinler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bilinmekle birlikte, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l M\u0131s\u0131rbilim'i i\u00e7in temel bir problem mevcuttu: Bu firavunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun mumyalar\u0131 ve orijinal mezar i\u00e7erikleri kay\u0131pt\u0131. 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